Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
37(11), P. 3630 - 3651
Published: March 8, 2024
Additive
Manufacturing
(AM)
techniques,
particularly
Fused
Filament
Fabrication
(FFF),
have
revolutionized
prototyping
and
low-volume
production.
Improving
the
tensile
properties
of
FFF-printed
parts
is
a
primary
objective
to
elevate
their
functional
utility.
This
study
aimed
investigate
effects
annealing
time
(ATM),
temperature
(ATP),
nozzle
diameter
(ND)
on
strength
(TS)
two
commonly
used
printing
materials:
Polyethylene
Terephthalate
Glycol
(PETG)
PETG
reinforced
with
carbon
fibre
(PETG-CF).
Samples
varying
ND
(0.4
mm,
0.6
0.8
mm)
underwent
at
ATP
80°C
100°C
for
ATM
60
min
120
min,
respectively.
Subsequent
tests
were
meticulously
conducted,
regression
models
employed
comprehensively
analyse
influence
these
control
factors
TS.
The
findings
from
annealed
specimens
revealed
substantial
improvements
in
TS
both
PETG-CF
materials.
Statistical
analysis,
Taguchi
method
(TM),
response
surface
methodology
(RSM)
indicated
that
exerted
more
pronounced
impact
compared
ATP.
By
identifying
optimal
factor
combinations
each
material,
pinpointed
best
was
achieved
mm
ND,
minutes
ATM,
PETG-CF.
remarkable
enhancement
underscores
potential
replace
structural
metallic
components
critical
applications
within
automotive
aeronautical
industries.
Journal of Materials Research and Technology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
20, P. 2841 - 2858
Published: Aug. 18, 2022
Currently,
a
range
of
sectors
are
implementing
three-dimensional
(3D)
printing,
which
is
part
additive
manufacturing
(AM)
technology
via
the
fused
deposition
modelling
(FDM)
approach.
As
now,
various
filament
materials
available
in
market
and
have
their
limitations.
Thermoplastic
elastomer
(TPE)
blend
as
material
3D
printing
should
be
implemented
to
overcome
weakness
filaments.
TPE
stands
out
due
its
flexibility,
thermoplastic-like
processability,
renewability.
Based
on
findings,
can
made
with
polylactic
acid
(PLA)
thermoplastic
elastomers
such
natural
rubber
(NR)
epoxidized
(ENR).
The
printed
components
will
flexible;
tough
excellent
thermal
mechanical
properties.
In
this
paper,
characteristics
being
reviewed
show
potential
filament.
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
307(10)
Published: Aug. 18, 2022
Abstract
Fused
filament
fabrication
(FFF),
also
known
as
fused
deposition
modeling,
is
the
leading
technology
for
polymer‐based
additive
manufacturing.
The
simplicity,
along
with
cleanness,
affordability,
and
multi‐material
capability,
are
some
of
main
advantages
that
have
prompted
this
success.
Nonetheless,
uptake
FFF
in
industry
hampered
by
limited
functionality
commercial
filaments,
often
based
on
plain
thermoplastics.
future
growth
into
new
markets
needs
a
significant
improvement
available
materials.
However,
materials
requirements
complicated
mutually
conflicting.
Whereas
heuristic
approaches
to
design
imply
costs
terms
time,
energy,
materials,
critical
survey
material
should
fulfill
order
be
printable
suitable
adoption
still
missing.
In
bridge
gap,
present
paper
analyzes
workflow
from
production
end‐of‐life
disposal
printed
objects,
and,
each
step,
brings
light
governing
properties.
Wherever
possible,
practical
guidelines
given
acceptable
values.
Existing
lacks
knowledge
identified
direct
studies.
ultimate
goal
provide
road
map
making
development
more
efficient.
Polymer Testing,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
117, P. 107859 - 107859
Published: Nov. 4, 2022
Additive
manufacturing
(AM,
also
commonly
termed
3D
printing)
is
progressing
from
being
a
rapid
prototyping
tool
to
serving
as
pillar
of
the
Industry
4.0
revolution.
Thanks
their
low
density
and
ease
printing,
polymers
are
receiving
increasing
interest
for
fabrication
structural
lightweight
parts.
Nonetheless,
lack
appropriate
standards,
specifically
conceived
consistently
verify
tensile
properties
polymer
parts
benchmark
them
against
conventional
products,
major
obstacle
wider
uptake
AM
in
industry.
After
reviewing
standardisation
needs
with
focus
on
mechanical
testing,
paper
closely
examines
hurdles
that
encountered
when
existing
standards
applied
measure
fabricated
by
fused
filament
(FFF,
aka
deposition
modeling,
FDM),
which
presently
most
popular
material
extrusion
technique.
Existing
unable
account
numerous
printing
parameters
govern
response
FFF
Moreover,
literature
suggests
raster-
layer-induced
anisotropic
behaviour
complicated
interplay
between
features
at
different
length
scales
(micro/meso/macro-structure)
undermine
pre-existing
concepts
regarding
specimen
geometry
classical
theories
size
effect,
ultimately
jeopardise
transferability
test
Finally,
statistical
analysis
poly(lactic
acid)
(PLA)
specimens
printed
according
(ASTM
D638
type
I
ASTM
D3039)
sizes
provides
experimental
evidence
confirm
literature-based
argumentation.
Ultimately,
survey,
supported
results,
demonstrates
that,
until
dedicated
become
available,
testing
should
be
prudence.
Whilst
not
specified
set-up
fully
reported
ensure
repeatability
rectangular
geometries
preferred
dumbbell-like
ones
order
avoid
premature
failure
fillets,
changed
arbitrarily.
Polymers,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
14(21), P. 4659 - 4659
Published: Nov. 1, 2022
Fused
Deposition
Modelling
(FDM)
is
an
actively
growing
additive
manufacturing
(AM)
technology
due
to
its
ability
produce
complex
shapes
in
a
short
time.
AM,
also
known
as
3-dimensional
printing
(3DP),
creates
the
desired
shape
by
adding
material,
preferably
layering
contoured
layers
on
top
of
each
other.
The
need
for
low
cost,
design
flexibility
and
automated
processes
industry
has
triggered
development
FDM.
However,
mechanical
properties
FDM
printed
parts
are
still
weaker
compared
conventionally
manufactured
products.
Numerous
studies
research
have
already
been
carried
out
improve
parts.
Reinforce
polymer
matrix
with
fiber
one
possible
solutions.
Furthermore,
reinforcement
can
enhance
thermal
electrical
Various
types
fibers
methods
be
adopted
reinforce
different
outcomes.
This
review
emphasizes
insertion
techniques
3D
composites.
A
brief
overview
fused
deposition
modelling,
sintering
voids
formation
during
provided,
followed
basis
reinforced
composites,
type
(synthetic
vs.
natural
fibers,
continuous
discontinuous
fiber)
composites’
performance.
In
addition,
three
thermoplastics
based
timing
location
embedding
namely
‘embedding
before
process
(M1)’,
nozzle
(M2)’,
component
(M3)’,
briefly
reviewed.
performance
composites
produced
were
then
discussed.
Fibers,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
10(6), P. 52 - 52
Published: June 10, 2022
In
this
work,
we
present
an
effective
process
easily
adapted
in
industrial
environments
for
the
development
of
multifunctional
nanocomposites
material
extrusion
(MEX)
3D
printing
(3DP).
The
literature
is
still
very
limited
field,
although
interest
such
materials
constantly
increasing.
Nanocomposites
with
binary
inclusions
were
prepared
and
investigated
study.
Polylactic
acid
(PLA)
was
used
as
matrix
material,
cuprous
oxide
(Cu2O)
cellulose
nanofibers
(CNF)
nanoadditives
introduced
to
enhance
mechanical
properties
induce
antibacterial
performance.
Specimens
built
according
international
standards
a
thermomechanical
process.
Tensile,
flexural,
impact,
microhardness
tests
conducted.
effect
on
thermal
through
thermogravimetric
analysis,
Raman
spectroscopic
analysis
morphological
characteristics
evaluated
atomic
force
microscopy
(AFM),
scanning
electron
(SEM),
energy-dispersive
X-ray
(EDS)
analyses.
performance
nanomaterials
studied
against
Staphylococcus
aureus
(S.
aureus)
Escherichia
coli
(E.
coli)
bacteria,
screening
agar
well
diffusion
method.
All
exhibited
biocidal
bacteria
tested.
tested
PLA/1.0
CNF/0.5
Cu2O
had
51.1%
higher
tensile
strength
35.9%
flexural
than
pure
PLA
material.
Polymer Testing,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
109, P. 107545 - 107545
Published: March 12, 2022
Three-dimensional
(3D)
printed
Polypropylene
(PP)
reinforced
with
aluminum
oxide
(Al2O3)
nanoparticles
(NPs)
were
developed
and
fully
characterized
in
this
study.
Nanocomposite
filaments
produced
initially
following
a
melt
mixing
extrusion
process,
utillised
as
feedstock
for
the
Fused
Filament
Fabrication
(FFF)
specimen
manufacturing.
Al2O3
NPs
at
0.5,
1.0,
2.0
4.0
wt%
loadings
melt-mixed
PP
thermoplastic
matrix.
Specific
geometry
samples
3D
analysed
via
tensile,
flexural,
viscoelastic,
impact,
microhardness
fractographic
investigations.
Raman
spectroscopy
verified
polymeric
structure
incorporated
within
polymer
Atomic
Force
Microscopy
(AFM)
of
extruded
revealed
nanoscale
roughness
induced
by
alumina
nanoinclusions.
All
nanocomposite
structures
exhibited
enhanced
flexural
thermomechanical
properties.
Specifically,
best
combination
was
found
1.0
loaded
showing
tensile
strength
increase
approx.
4%
19%,
respectively,
concomitant
slight
impact
properties
compared
to
unfilled
PP.
Dynamic
Mechanical
Analysis
(DMA)
stiffening
mechanism
PP/Al2O3
nanocomposites
being
good
agreement
quasi-static
mechanical
tests.
It
could
be
envisaged
that
herein
find
numerous
applications
engineered
thermoplastics,
where
material's
static
dynamic
are
required.
Solids,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
3(3), P. 508 - 548
Published: Sept. 16, 2022
This
publication
summarises
the
current
state
of
knowledge
and
technology
on
possibilities
limitations
using
mineral
synthetic
fillers
in
field
3D
printing
thermoplastics.
FDM
can
be
perceived
as
a
miniaturised
variation
conventional
extrusion
processing
(a
microextrusion
process).
However,
scaling
process
down
has
an
undoubtful
drawback
significantly
reducing
extrudate
diameter
(often
by
factor
≈20–30).
Therefore,
results
produced
under
cannot
simply
translated
to
processes
run
with
application
technology.
With
that
mind,
discussing
latest
findings
composite
materials
preparation
was
necessary.
Polymer Testing,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
110, P. 107580 - 107580
Published: April 9, 2022
This
study
aimed
at
applying
machine
learning
(ML)
methods
to
analyze
dynamic
strength
of
3D-printed
polypropylene
(PP)-based
composites.
The
additive
manufactured
PP-based
composites
with
different
fillers
and
printing
parameters
was
investigated
by
split
Hopkinson
pressure
bars.
Based
on
experimental
results,
six
approaches
were
applied
express
the
relationships
between
materials
as
well
parameters.
performance
algorithms
relatively
small
training
datasets
evaluated.
comparison
results
showed
that
artificial
neural
network
could
achieve
highest
prediction
accuracy
but
low
computational
efficiency,
whereas
support
vector
regression
provide
satisfactory
both
good
efficiency.
extreme
gradient
boosting
random
forest
recommended
if
importance
input
required.
Polymers,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15(11), P. 2564 - 2564
Published: June 2, 2023
This
review
examines
the
mechanical
performance
of
metal-
and
polymer-based
composites
fabricated
using
additive
manufacturing
(AM)
techniques.
Composite
materials
have
significantly
influenced
various
industries
due
to
their
exceptional
reliability
effectiveness.
As
technology
advances,
new
types
composite
reinforcements,
such
as
novel
chemical-based
bio-based,
fabrication
techniques
are
utilized
develop
high-performance
materials.
AM,
a
widely
popular
concept
poised
shape
development
Industry
4.0,
is
also
being
in
production
Comparing
AM-based
processes
traditional
methods
reveals
significant
variations
resulting
composites.
The
primary
objective
this
offer
comprehensive
understanding
applications
diverse
fields.
Further
on
delves
into
intricate
details
composites,
shedding
light
exploring
sectors
where
they
find
utility.