A review on the potential of polylactic acid based thermoplastic elastomer as filament material for fused deposition modelling

Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 20, P. 2841 - 2858

Published: Aug. 18, 2022

Currently, a range of sectors are implementing three-dimensional (3D) printing, which is part additive manufacturing (AM) technology via the fused deposition modelling (FDM) approach. As now, various filament materials available in market and have their limitations. Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) blend as material 3D printing should be implemented to overcome weakness filaments. TPE stands out due its flexibility, thermoplastic-like processability, renewability. Based on findings, can made with polylactic acid (PLA) thermoplastic elastomers such natural rubber (NR) epoxidized (ENR). The printed components will flexible; tough excellent thermal mechanical properties. In this paper, characteristics being reviewed show potential filament.

Language: Английский

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Materials Requirements in Fused Filament Fabrication: A Framework for the Design of Next‐Generation 3D Printable Thermoplastics and Composites

Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 307(10)

Published: Aug. 18, 2022

Abstract Fused filament fabrication (FFF), also known as fused deposition modeling, is the leading technology for polymer‐based additive manufacturing. The simplicity, along with cleanness, affordability, and multi‐material capability, are some of main advantages that have prompted this success. Nonetheless, uptake FFF in industry hampered by limited functionality commercial filaments, often based on plain thermoplastics. future growth into new markets needs a significant improvement available materials. However, materials requirements complicated mutually conflicting. Whereas heuristic approaches to design imply costs terms time, energy, materials, critical survey material should fulfill order be printable suitable adoption still missing. In bridge gap, present paper analyzes workflow from production end‐of‐life disposal printed objects, and, each step, brings light governing properties. Wherever possible, practical guidelines given acceptable values. Existing lacks knowledge identified direct studies. ultimate goal provide road map making development more efficient.

Language: Английский

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Open challenges in tensile testing of additively manufactured polymers: A literature survey and a case study in fused filament fabrication

Polymer Testing, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 117, P. 107859 - 107859

Published: Nov. 4, 2022

Additive manufacturing (AM, also commonly termed 3D printing) is progressing from being a rapid prototyping tool to serving as pillar of the Industry 4.0 revolution. Thanks their low density and ease printing, polymers are receiving increasing interest for fabrication structural lightweight parts. Nonetheless, lack appropriate standards, specifically conceived consistently verify tensile properties polymer parts benchmark them against conventional products, major obstacle wider uptake AM in industry. After reviewing standardisation needs with focus on mechanical testing, paper closely examines hurdles that encountered when existing standards applied measure fabricated by fused filament (FFF, aka deposition modeling, FDM), which presently most popular material extrusion technique. Existing unable account numerous printing parameters govern response FFF Moreover, literature suggests raster- layer-induced anisotropic behaviour complicated interplay between features at different length scales (micro/meso/macro-structure) undermine pre-existing concepts regarding specimen geometry classical theories size effect, ultimately jeopardise transferability test Finally, statistical analysis poly(lactic acid) (PLA) specimens printed according (ASTM D638 type I ASTM D3039) sizes provides experimental evidence confirm literature-based argumentation. Ultimately, survey, supported results, demonstrates that, until dedicated become available, testing should be prudence. Whilst not specified set-up fully reported ensure repeatability rectangular geometries preferred dumbbell-like ones order avoid premature failure fillets, changed arbitrarily.

Language: Английский

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3D-Printed Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM): Fiber Length and Fiber Implementation Techniques

Polymers, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(21), P. 4659 - 4659

Published: Nov. 1, 2022

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is an actively growing additive manufacturing (AM) technology due to its ability produce complex shapes in a short time. AM, also known as 3-dimensional printing (3DP), creates the desired shape by adding material, preferably layering contoured layers on top of each other. The need for low cost, design flexibility and automated processes industry has triggered development FDM. However, mechanical properties FDM printed parts are still weaker compared conventionally manufactured products. Numerous studies research have already been carried out improve parts. Reinforce polymer matrix with fiber one possible solutions. Furthermore, reinforcement can enhance thermal electrical Various types fibers methods be adopted reinforce different outcomes. This review emphasizes insertion techniques 3D composites. A brief overview fused deposition modelling, sintering voids formation during provided, followed basis reinforced composites, type (synthetic vs. natural fibers, continuous discontinuous fiber) composites’ performance. In addition, three thermoplastics based timing location embedding namely ‘embedding before process (M1)’, nozzle (M2)’, component (M3)’, briefly reviewed. performance composites produced were then discussed.

Language: Английский

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Multifunctional Material Extrusion 3D-Printed Antibacterial Polylactic Acid (PLA) with Binary Inclusions: The Effect of Cuprous Oxide and Cellulose Nanofibers

Fibers, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(6), P. 52 - 52

Published: June 10, 2022

In this work, we present an effective process easily adapted in industrial environments for the development of multifunctional nanocomposites material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing (3DP). The literature is still very limited field, although interest such materials constantly increasing. Nanocomposites with binary inclusions were prepared and investigated study. Polylactic acid (PLA) was used as matrix material, cuprous oxide (Cu2O) cellulose nanofibers (CNF) nanoadditives introduced to enhance mechanical properties induce antibacterial performance. Specimens built according international standards a thermomechanical process. Tensile, flexural, impact, microhardness tests conducted. effect on thermal through thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopic analysis morphological characteristics evaluated atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS) analyses. performance nanomaterials studied against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, screening agar well diffusion method. All exhibited biocidal bacteria tested. tested PLA/1.0 CNF/0.5 Cu2O had 51.1% higher tensile strength 35.9% flexural than pure PLA material.

Language: Английский

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Fused Filament Fabrication 3D printed polypropylene/ alumina nanocomposites: Effect of filler loading on the mechanical reinforcement

Polymer Testing, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 109, P. 107545 - 107545

Published: March 12, 2022

Three-dimensional (3D) printed Polypropylene (PP) reinforced with aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) were developed and fully characterized in this study. Nanocomposite filaments produced initially following a melt mixing extrusion process, utillised as feedstock for the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) specimen manufacturing. Al2O3 NPs at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 4.0 wt% loadings melt-mixed PP thermoplastic matrix. Specific geometry samples 3D analysed via tensile, flexural, viscoelastic, impact, microhardness fractographic investigations. Raman spectroscopy verified polymeric structure incorporated within polymer Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) of extruded revealed nanoscale roughness induced by alumina nanoinclusions. All nanocomposite structures exhibited enhanced flexural thermomechanical properties. Specifically, best combination was found 1.0 loaded showing tensile strength increase approx. 4% 19%, respectively, concomitant slight impact properties compared to unfilled PP. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) stiffening mechanism PP/Al2O3 nanocomposites being good agreement quasi-static mechanical tests. It could be envisaged that herein find numerous applications engineered thermoplastics, where material's static dynamic are required.

Language: Английский

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Natural and Synthetic Polymer Fillers for Applications in 3D Printing—FDM Technology Area

Solids, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 3(3), P. 508 - 548

Published: Sept. 16, 2022

This publication summarises the current state of knowledge and technology on possibilities limitations using mineral synthetic fillers in field 3D printing thermoplastics. FDM can be perceived as a miniaturised variation conventional extrusion processing (a microextrusion process). However, scaling process down has an undoubtful drawback significantly reducing extrudate diameter (often by factor ≈20–30). Therefore, results produced under cannot simply translated to processes run with application technology. With that mind, discussing latest findings composite materials preparation was necessary.

Language: Английский

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Application of machine learning methods on dynamic strength analysis for additive manufactured polypropylene-based composites

Polymer Testing, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 110, P. 107580 - 107580

Published: April 9, 2022

This study aimed at applying machine learning (ML) methods to analyze dynamic strength of 3D-printed polypropylene (PP)-based composites. The additive manufactured PP-based composites with different fillers and printing parameters was investigated by split Hopkinson pressure bars. Based on experimental results, six approaches were applied express the relationships between materials as well parameters. performance algorithms relatively small training datasets evaluated. comparison results showed that artificial neural network could achieve highest prediction accuracy but low computational efficiency, whereas support vector regression provide satisfactory both good efficiency. extreme gradient boosting random forest recommended if importance input required.

Language: Английский

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Mechanical and electrical properties of additive manufactured high-performance continuous glass fiber reinforced PEEK composites

Composites Part B Engineering, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 247, P. 110292 - 110292

Published: Sept. 13, 2022

Language: Английский

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Metal and Polymer Based Composites Manufactured Using Additive Manufacturing—A Brief Review

Polymers, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(11), P. 2564 - 2564

Published: June 2, 2023

This review examines the mechanical performance of metal- and polymer-based composites fabricated using additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. Composite materials have significantly influenced various industries due to their exceptional reliability effectiveness. As technology advances, new types composite reinforcements, such as novel chemical-based bio-based, fabrication techniques are utilized develop high-performance materials. AM, a widely popular concept poised shape development Industry 4.0, is also being in production Comparing AM-based processes traditional methods reveals significant variations resulting composites. The primary objective this offer comprehensive understanding applications diverse fields. Further on delves into intricate details composites, shedding light exploring sectors where they find utility.

Language: Английский

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