The
use
of
alternative
fuels
and
electric
vehicles
is
an
opportunity
to
reducing
exhaust
emissions.
We
observe
that
the
regulations
on
emissions
from
mobile
sources
are
becoming
gradually
stricter
all
world.
As
widely
known,
using
instead
conventional
helps
lower
vehicle
most
popular
hydrogen,
propane,
biobutanol,
methanol,
dimethyl
ether,
etc.
It
very
important
more
than
a
dozen
under
development.
article
contains
comparison
operating
costs
cars
with
internal
combustion
engine.
This
work
shows
also
characteristic
new
their
impacts
Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
39, P. 101559 - 101559
Published: April 10, 2024
The
aim
of
this
study
is
to
examine
the
impact
doping
Mg–Zr
on
CaO
derived
from
natural
calcite,
which
are
utilized
as
heterogeneous
catalysts
produce
biodiesel
through
transesterification
reaction
canola
oil
and
methanol.
were
synthesized
via
wet
impregnation
method
with
varying
concentrations
(2.5,
5,
7.5,
10
wt%)
over
(Mg/Zr
mass
ratio
2:1),
followed
by
calcination
at
600
°C.
Physicochemical
analyses,
encompassing
XRD,
BET,
SEM,
EDX,
TGA,
employed
for
catalyst
characterization.
samples'
basicity
was
determined
titration.
Operational
parameters,
including
loading,
methanol-to-oil
ratio,
time,
temperature,
systematically
explored.
stability
reusability
optimal
also
assessed.
With
increase
in
CaO,
total
number
base
sites
increases,
maximum
achieved
7.5%(Mg–Zr)/CaO
compared
other
catalysts.
Also
observed
a
similar
pattern
variation
yield,
indicating
strong
correlation
between
catalytic
activity
overall
basic
present
surface.
Results
indicated
that,
under
specific
conditions
(7
wt%
molar
12:1,
temperature
60
°C
3-h
duration),
highest
content
fatty
acid
methyl
esters
(FAME)
reached
96.7%
7.5%Mg–Zr/CaO.
optimum
exhibited
robust
across
four
consecutive
cycles,
produced
meeting
standards
EN
14214
ASTM
D6751.
Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
30(2), P. 430 - 440
Published: March 4, 2025
Mobility
is
an
integral
part
of
daily
life;
however,
the
transportation
sector
significantly
contributes
to
greenhouse
gas
emissions,
which
trigger
global
warming.
In
context
climate
change,
a
issue,
Paris
Agreement
and
Nationally
Determined
Contribution
(NDC)
policies
each
country
encourage
development
environmentally
friendly,
renewable
energy.
Keruing
(Dipterocarpus
spp.),
tree
found
only
in
tropical
forests,
has
potential
be
source
biofuel
from
its
non-timber
products
such
as
oil
resin.
This
study
aims
analyze
challenges
developing
keruing
for
Indonesia,
using
mixed
method
enhanced
by
machine
learning
data
analysis.
The
results
show
that
biofuel,
but
main
lie
infrastructure,
knowledge
limitations,
processing
techniques.
Many
trees
with
oily
wood
are
not
industrially
processed
their
due
lack
focus
on
utilization.
conclusion
friendly
energy
Indonesia
significant,
improving
quality
human
resources
capital
necessary
advance
science
technology.
Keywords:
Dipterocarpus
spp.,
transition,
SDGs,
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
111, P. 107138 - 107138
Published: Oct. 30, 2024
This
study
investigates
the
potential
of
fused
deposition
modeling
(FDM)
three-dimensional
(3D)
printing
techniques
for
manufacturing
catalytic
static
mixers
during
biodiesel
synthesis.
The
printed
mixing
elements
comprises
acrylonitrile
butadiene
styrene
(ABS)
plastic
with
15
wt%
calcium
oxide
(CaO)
as
a
solid
catalyst.
When
reactants
flowed
through
CaO/ABS
device,
blending
and
acceleration
processes
were
both
significantly
impacted.
Moreover,
their
characteristics,
performance
in
production,
reusability,
economy
analyzed.
effects
methanol
to
oil
(M:O)
molar
ratio,
circulation
time,
sonication
time
on
methyl
ester
(ME)
purity
also
examined.
results
showed
that
CaO
crystals
distributed
mixer's
surface,
which
is
crucial
purposes.
During
process
ME
from
pretreated
sludge
palm
(PSPO),
mixer
(CSM)
CSM
coupled
ultrasound
(CSM/US)
reactors
employed.
full
ultrasonic
power
CSM/US
reactor
16
×
400
W
(total
6400
W)
was
operated
at
20
kHz
frequency.
continuous
pulse
modes
compared
determine
electricity
consumption
production.
For
reactor,
12:1
M:O
ratio
8.5
h
recommended
realize
94.2
purity.
2.25
achieve
96.5
Under
pulsed
mode
operation,
95.09
achieved,
reduction
by
approximately
37.6
%
operation.
Furthermore,
determined
be
reusable
up
three
cycles
reactors.
Thus,
assure
high
production
FDM
3D
technology
