Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 6, 2025
Abstract
Surface
water
concentrations
of
per-
and
polyfluoroalkyl
substances
(PFAS)
potential
for
resulting
biological
effects
were
estimated
in
a
study
using
Polar
Organic
Chemical
Integrative
Samplers
(POCIS)
from
60
tributary
sites
within
20
watersheds
the
Great
Lakes
Basin
2018.
Sites
represented
range
urban
to
agricultural,
forested,
wetland
land
uses
included
gradient
wastewater
treatment
effluent
zero
44%
annual
streamflow.
Several
also
had
airport
influence.
Twenty-one
32
targeted
PFAS
compounds
detected
POCIS
samplers,
which,
16
available
sampling
rates
enabling
time-weighted
concentration
estimates
comparison
with
data.
Estimated
compared
published
quality
guidelines
(available
nine
PFAS),
effect
reported
primary
literature
ECOTOX
Knowledgebase
apical
endpoints
(10
PFAS)
non-apical
vitro
high-throughput
screening
data
ToxCast
(14
PFAS).
Based
on
conservative
evaluation
approach
that
was
weighted
persistence
limitations
toxicological
information,
five
individual
PFAS,
including
Perfluorooctanesulfonic
acid,
Perfluorohexanesulfonic
Perfluorobutanesulfonic
Perfluorooctanoic
Perfluorononanoic
acid
identified
as
warranting
additional
investigation.
Possible
increased
potency
mixtures
over
chemical
effects,
by
summation
exposure-activity
ratios
(EARs)
chemicals
influence
common
assays
specified
gene
targets,
indicated
EAR
values
up
5.6-fold
14
contributing
mixture
predictions.
Potential
summed
ratios,
correlated
use
proportion
streamflow
contributed
effluent.
Environment International,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
178, P. 108033 - 108033
Published: June 17, 2023
Drinking-water
quality
is
a
rising
concern
in
the
United
States
(US),
emphasizing
need
to
broadly
assess
exposures
and
potential
health
effects
at
point-of-use.
per-
poly-fluoroalkyl
substances
(PFAS)
are
national
concern,
however,
there
limited
information
on
PFAS
residential
tapwater
point-of-use,
especially
from
private-wells.
We
conducted
reconnaissance
compare
human
unregulated
private-well
regulated
public-supply
tapwater.
Tapwater
716
locations
(269
private-wells;
447
public
supply)
across
US
was
collected
during
2016-2021
including
three
where
temporal
sampling
conducted.
Concentrations
of
were
assessed
by
laboratories
compared
with
land-use
potential-source
metrics
explore
drivers
contamination.
The
number
individual
observed
ranged
1
9
(median:
2)
corresponding
cumulative
concentrations
(sum
detected
PFAS)
ranging
0.348
346
ng/L.
Seventeen
least
once
PFBS,
PFHxS
PFOA
most
frequently
approximately
15%
samples.
Across
US,
profiles
estimated
median
similar
among
private
wells
estimate
that
one
could
be
about
45%
drinking-water
These
detection
probabilities
varied
spatially
variation
concentrations/numbers
detected.
Benchmark
screening
approaches
indicated
exposure
risk
dominated
PFOS,
when
Potential
source
related
concentrations,
detected;
relations
specific
likely
due
low
frequencies
higher
limits.
Information
generated
supports
for
further
assessments
risks
as
class
combination
other
co-occurring
contaminants,
particularly
unmonitored
private-wells
or
not
available.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
54(13), P. 8280 - 8290
Published: June 5, 2020
Rain
events
may
impact
the
chemical
pollution
burden
in
rivers.
Forty-four
small
streams
Germany
were
profiled
during
several
rain
for
presence
of
395
chemicals
and
five
types
mixture
effects
vitro
bioassays
(cytotoxicity;
activation
estrogen,
aryl
hydrocarbon,
peroxisome
proliferator-activated
receptors;
oxidative
stress
response).
While
these
selected
to
cover
a
wide
range
agricultural
impacts,
addition
expected
pesticides,
wastewater-derived
typical
street
runoff
detected.
The
unexpectedly
high
estrogenic
many
samples
indicated
by
wastewater
or
overflow
combined
sewer
systems.
128
water
exhibited
diversity
effect
patterns,
even
different
at
same
site.
detected
290
explained
only
fraction
(<8%)
measured
effects.
experimental
designed
mixtures
that
dominate
consistent
with
predictions
concentration
within
factor
two
94%
mixtures.
Overall,
was
much
higher
than
previously
surface
dry
weather,
often
exceeding
proposed
effect-based
trigger
values.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
55(8), P. 4740 - 4752
Published: March 10, 2021
Improved
analytical
methods
can
quantify
hundreds
of
pesticide
transformation
products
(TPs),
but
understanding
TP
occurrence
and
potential
toxicity
in
aquatic
ecosystems
remains
limited.
We
quantified
108
parent
pesticides
116
TPs
more
than
3
700
samples
from
442
small
streams
mostly
urban
basins
across
five
major
regions
the
United
States.
were
detected
nearly
as
frequently
parents
(90
95%
streams,
respectively);
102
at
least
once
28
>20%
one
region—TPs
9
herbicides,
2
fungicides
(chlorothalonil
thiophanate-methyl),
1
insecticide
(fipronil)
most
detected.
occurred
commonly
during
baseflow
conditions,
indicating
chronic
environmental
exposures
to
organisms
likely
importance
groundwater
a
source.
Hazard
quotients
based
on
acute
aquatic-life
benchmarks
for
invertebrates
nonvascular
plants
vertebrate-centric
molecular
endpoints
(sublethal
effects)
range
contribution
risk
highlight
several
exposure–response
data
gaps.
A
precautionary
approach
using
equimolar
substitution
or
missing
indicates
that
effects
could
be
underestimated
by
an
order
magnitude
more.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 6, 2025
Abstract
An
adverse
outcome
pathway
(AOP)
framework
maps
the
sequence
of
events
leading
to
outcomes
from
chemical
exposures,
providing
a
mechanistic
understanding
often
absent
in
traditional
methods.
The
quantitative
AOP
(qAOP)
advances
by
integrating
data
and
mathematical
modeling,
thereby
more
precise
comprehension
relationships
between
molecular
initiating
events,
key
outcomes.
This
review
critically
examines
three
primary
methodologies:
systems
toxicology,
regression
Bayesian
network
highlighting
their
strengths,
limitations,
specific
requirements
within
toxicology.
Through
an
analysis
current
methodologies
challenges,
this
emphasizes
integration
experimental
computational
approaches
elucidate
event
proposes
strategies
for
overcoming
limitations
through
standardized
protocols
advanced
tools.
By
outlining
future
research
directions
potential
qAOPs
transform
risk
assessment,
aims
contribute
advancement
regulatory
science
protection
public
health
environment.
PLoS ONE,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
15(1), P. e0228214 - e0228214
Published: Jan. 30, 2020
Human-use
pharmaceuticals
in
urban
streams
link
aquatic-ecosystem
health
to
human
health.
Pharmaceutical
mixtures
have
been
widely
reported
larger
due
historical
emphasis
on
wastewater-treatment
plant
(WWTP)
sources,
with
limited
investigation
of
pharmaceutical
exposures
and
potential
effects
smaller
headwater
streams.
In
2014–2017,
the
United
States
Geological
Survey
measured
111
compounds
308
(261
urban-gradient
sites
sampled
3–5
times,
47
putative
low-impact
once)
4
regions
across
US.
Simultaneous
multiple
(pharmaceutical
mixtures)
were
observed
91%
(248
urban-gradient,
32
low-impact),
88
analytes
detected
all
cumulative
maximum
concentrations
up
36,142
ng/L
per
site.
Cumulative
detections
correlated
land
use
presence/absence
permitted
WWTP
discharges,
but
also
common
75%
without
WWTP.
exposure-activity
ratios
(EAR)
indicated
widespread
transient
high
probability
molecular
vertebrates.
Considering
individual
interactive
recognized
analytical
underestimation
pharmaceutical-contaminant
(unassessed
parent
compounds,
metabolites,
degradates)
space,
these
results
demonstrate
a
nation-wide
environmental
concern
need
for
watershed-scale
mitigation
in-stream
contamination.
