Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15
Published: Oct. 8, 2024
Highly pathogenic type A avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have been affecting numerous wild and domestic species worldwide over the past decades continue to circulate, causing significant damage poultry industry (CDC, 2024a). Since 2021, regions worldwide, including Europe, faced a severe panzootic outbreak of HPAI H5N1 virus, clade 2.3.4.4b (Koopmans et al., 2024). This has caused death or culling hundreds millions farmed birds, making it one largest outbreaks on record It also led substantial economic losses severely disrupted supply chains. (Banyard The subtype was first detected at commercial goose farm in China 1996 (Watanabe 2013; M Tiwari 2024) later spread wide range bird Over time, virus evolved, by 2024, had developed into 16 genotypes, with dominant G1 genotype being across multiple countries. exhibited an unprecedented host infections pathogenicity, reported 90 as well more than 199 mammalian species, cats, foxes, minks, harbor seals sea lions (Caserta even reached polar regions, bear Arctic elephant fur penguins Antarctica Particularly intriguing worrying are recent cases dairy cattle, bovine were known be poorly susceptible IAV previously not (Sreenivasan 2019). In however, found infect cattle number farms, confirmed transmission humans four 2024a; CDC, 2024b; Oguzie 2024; Burrough 1996, there occasional spillovers humans. These only occurred when close contact avian-mammal-human interface. Additionally, few probable but sustained human-to-human transmission. Ungchusak 2005; Wang 2008). Notably, 6th September, CDC case patient from Missouri, USA, positive for H5 IAV. no immediate exposure animals, among contacts 2024c). total 15 human documented USA. With exception all others linked infected animals—four involving cows rest poultry. Subjects (hereafter referred Cow-H5N1) mild symptoms, primarily conjunctivitis, malaise, low-grade fever (Uyeki Human highly typically high fatality rates, averaging around 50%. remains unclear whether Cow-H5N1 inherently less compared other strains, if factors such route infection and/or viral load contribute milder symptoms observed.What is certain that detection represents cross-species transmission, highlighting adaptability its ability mammals, particularly ruminants, farms. Although current surveillance shows unusual activity, zoonotic potential currently circulating concern. possibility new pandemic this is, then, subject ongoing debate (Burki, Dye & Barclay, Koopmans Lancet, Zhai prospect acquiring mutations enable efficient especially alarming. However, we believe unlikely become least near future. perspective grounded three key points, which will detail following sections:a) yet demonstrated airborne transmission.b) still needs acquire genetic traits facilitate widespread populations.c) chaos logistic map indicates low probability adapt populations.Nonetheless, given nature outbreaks, risk future pandemic, while uncertain, cannot entirely ruled out. transmissionThe mammal-to-mammal avian-origin (AIV) rare depends both phenotypic adaptations hosts. lineages, American nearly thirty years, infecting animals. undergone continuous evolution, gaining efficiently spill several species. What fascinating about bovines largely remained unaffected (IAV) Indeed, rarely suggesting these mammals vulnerable hosts virus. view persisted until emergence D viruses, considered primary reservoir (Ruiz 2022). Certain proposed possess anti-influenza properties, potentially explaining resistance (Screenivasan Among (extensively reviewed Screenivasan 2019) specific serum components secretory proteins shown influence infection, interacting immune system. lactoferrin act broad-spectrum compound (Ammendolia 2012; Shin 2005). Finally, interferon-α-induced Mx protein potent antiviral activity due peculiar N-terminal motifs (Garigliany 2012). On hand, findings make very reassortment vessels potential. crucial understand what enabled cattle. Current data suggest stemmed single introduction (Worobey Worobey, 2024b). may transmitted farms birds mammals. precise events remain (Neumann Kawaoka, study, Eisfeld colleagues investigated pathogenicity routes isolated milk during 2024 New Mexico (Eisfeld Using mice experimental model, those Authors ingestion rapid dissemination respiratory non-respiratory organs. cows' mammary glands express avian-type (α-2,3) sialic acid receptors (Nelli recently human-type (α-2,6) receptor (Kristensen 2024), could shedding milk. agreement, breast functions site replication, condition might favor generation tropism (Mallapaty S, confirm earlier experiments (Mitchell 1953; Paquette 2015) support hypothesis cow-to-cow mainly occurs via milking equipment. Vertical lactating their offspring observed, raising concerns similar calves 2024).Experiments based ferrets used assess droplets ferret seroconverted, RNA particles detected, indicating inefficient (Eisfled result consistent 2024d), limited droplet between Texas, CDC's study did demonstrate 1 out 3 pairs, overall, two investigations show routes. occur, would need adaptations, shift hemagglutinin (HA) binding specificity enhanced replication cells. populationThe growth AIV species-restricted envelope (HA), facilitates entry target cells recognizing cell (Long J so far, contacts, can partly attributed affinity α2-6 receptors, contributes barrier. Interestingly, observed Mexico, displayed α-2,3 α-2,6 finding suggests trait necessary already present Accordingly, focusing characterization phylogenetic analysis obtained cats Texas (Hu felines shared amino residues HA sequence (e.g., 137A, 158N, 160A). enhance (Yamada 2006; Gao 2009). critical associated adaptation increased (Gao 2009, Suttie 2019; Bordes 2023; Hatta 2007; Kong Kamal notably absent same isolates. Furthermore, substitutions identified improved overall health relatively present. preprint studies isolates preferentially bind (Chopra Santos retained acids confer specificity, evidence supporting acquired Thus, continued monitoring any changes appears essential. successful jump require gene. Specifically, change needed conserved domain (RBD) H5, 128 138 (Imai Xiong 2013). terms long-term noteworthy eighteen HAs different animal H1, H2, H3 types (Nabel 2016; Kumar 2018). remarkable feature lineage pairing full-length (long-stalk) neuraminidase (NA), unlike stalk deletions (short-stalk). contributed broad play role (Moratorio long facilitating undoubtedly area further research, context vaccination strategies.On important recognize evolve rapidly within infection. direct substitution E627K PB2 subunit polymerase complex identified, mutation 2024e). Of note, carrying discussed above 2024d) focused ferrets. reason higher efficiency report respect work carried Eisfled coworkers confirms gene spreading included (Gabriel G Long JS 2019), highlights spillover circulation controlled. according Chaos Theory mapThe theory (May, 1976; Fernández-Díaz, mathematical model exhibiting chaotic behavior under conditions. formally expressed equation (May RM, 1976):x (n+1)=r*x (n)*[1-x(n)]where rate "r" reflects combined effects reproduction density-dependent mortality starvation) size population. population x (n) stays [0, 1] r 0 4. If below 1, go extinct. Higher values lead either stable fluctuations values. For > 3.57, grows chaotically. We applied dynamics pandemics epidemics emerging (Roggero Calistri particular, coronaviruses emerged population—SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2—as Ebola responsible 2014 West Africa epidemic. value intrinsic biological characteristics mirrors initial establish lasting relationship 2023). More growth, seen SARS-CoV-2. involves genome mutations, speculated acquisition beneficial genomic changes, whereas do 2023).With premises using available November 1997 March determined 0.56 five years circulation, then decreased 0.18, resulting weighted mean 0.26 27 observation. Even restricting period January 2020 September better capture situation, differs significantly previous conditions, 0.01102. consistently 1. extinction (Fernández-Díaz, Roggero 2023), conclude cause pandemic. ConclusionWe acknowledge some information incomplete, affect difficult precisely predict likelihood event. lack serostatus individuals flu percentage people who asymptomatically mildly H5N1. addition, 2009 H1N1 elicits cross reactive immunity (Mahallawi 2009), (Daulagala interesting analyze applies thus impact know At moment, main humans, addition occupational exposure, comes consumption raw milk, pasteurization eliminates infectious (Spackman absence replicating beef meet (USDA, 2024).Although possesses features promote lacks required our view, supported map, agent, respond drugs. approved pre-pandemic vaccines candidate vaccine (CVVs) pipelines (Focosi Maggi, July WHO announced project develop mRNA (Anderer, While CVVs partially match strain, they serve interim solution protect high-risk accessible. expect mitigate public health, like IAV, increases evolving unpredictable potential.Hence, strongly advocate extensive tracing testing presence human-animal interface One Health approach. should accompanied continuous, global exchange veterinary, environmental, virologists.
Language: Английский