Unlocking the Complex Cell Biology of Coral–Dinoflagellate Symbiosis: A Model Systems Approach

Annual Review of Genetics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 57(1), P. 411 - 434

Published: Sept. 19, 2023

Symbiotic interactions occur in all domains of life, providing organisms with resources to adapt new habitats. A prime example is the endosymbiosis between corals and photosynthetic dinoflagellates. Eukaryotic dinoflagellate symbionts reside inside coral cells transfer essential nutrients their hosts, driving productivity most biodiverse marine ecosystem. Recent advances molecular genomic characterization have revealed symbiosis-specific genes mechanisms shared among symbiotic cnidarians. In this review, we focus on cellular processes that underpin interaction symbiont host. We discuss acquisition via phagocytosis, modulation host innate immunity, integration into cell metabolism, nutrient exchange as a fundamental aspect stable associations. emphasize importance using model systems dissect complexity endosymbiosis, which ultimately serves basis for understanding its ecology capacity face climate change.

Language: Английский

---

Microbiomes and metabolomes of dominant coral reef primary producers illustrate a potential role for immunolipids in marine symbioses

Communications Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: Aug. 31, 2023

The dominant benthic primary producers in coral reef ecosystems are complex holobionts with diverse microbiomes and metabolomes. In this study, we characterize the tissue metabolomes of corals, macroalgae, crustose coralline algae via an intensive, replicated synoptic survey a single system (Waimea Bay, O'ahu, Hawaii) use these results to define associations between microbial taxa metabolites specific different hosts. Our quantify constrain degree host specificity at both phylum genus level. Both microbiome were distinct calcifiers (corals CCA) erect macroalgae. Moreover, our multi-omics investigations highlight common lipid-based immune response pathways across organisms. addition, observed strong covariation among several metabolite classes, suggesting new metabolic roles symbiosis further explore.

Language: Английский

---

Starvation differentially affects gene expression, immunity and pathogen susceptibility across symbiotic states in a model cnidarian

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 291(2017)

Published: Feb. 28, 2024

Mutualistic symbioses between cnidarians and photosynthetic algae are modulated by complex interactions host immunity environmental conditions. Here, we investigate how symbiosis interacts with food limitation to influence gene expression stress response programming in the sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida (Aiptasia). Transcriptomic responses starvation were similar symbiotic aposymbiotic Aiptasia; however, stronger. Starved Aiptasia of both states exhibited increased protein levels immune-related transcription factor NF-κB, its associated pathways, putative target genes. However, this starvation-induced increase NF-κB correlated only anemones. Furthermore, had opposite effects on susceptibility pathogen oxidative challenges, suggesting distinct energetic priorities under scarce Finally, when compared those a facultative coral non-symbiotic anemone, ‘defence’ similarly regulated coral, but not anemone. This pattern suggests that capacity for influences immune cnidarians. In summary, certain pathways—including NF-κB—does necessarily predict pathogens, highlighting complexities cnidarian varying demands.

Language: Английский

---

The Sentient Cell

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 5, 2023

Abstract This volume is the natural follow-up to Arthur Reber’s 2019 book, The First Minds: Caterpillars, ‘Karyotes, and Consciousness (TFM). In that earlier work, Cellular Basis of (CBC) theory was developed based on a number efforts published in variety journals between 1997 as well talks, colloquia, presentations at conferences. core proposition TFM life mind are co-terminous. All organisms, all species extant extinct, sentient. have an existentially secure consciousness—without which they would been evolutionary dead-ends, unable survive chaotic, dangerous environment first appeared. And, importantly, forms sentience, cognitive functioning right up including those expressed by humans, evolved from original expression consciousness birth prokaryotes. unicellular widely accepted, foundational principle biological social sciences. CBC simply applies same sentience.

Language: Английский

---

Heat‐evolved algal symbionts enhance bleaching tolerance of adult corals without trade‐off against growth

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 29(24), P. 6945 - 6968

Published: Nov. 1, 2023

Ocean warming has caused coral mass bleaching and mortality worldwide the persistence of symbiotic reef-building corals requires rapid acclimation or adaptation. Experimental evolution coral's microalgal symbionts followed by their introduction into is one potential method to enhance thermotolerance. Heat-evolved generalist species, Cladocopium proliferum (strain SS8), were exposed elevated temperature (31°C) for ~10 years, introduced four genotypes chemically bleached adult fragments scleractinian coral, Galaxea fascicularis. Two acquired SS8. The new persisted 5 months experiment enhanced thermotolerance, compared with that inoculated wild-type C. strain. Thermotolerance SS8-corals was similar from same colony hosting homologous symbiont, Durusdinium sp., which naturally heat tolerant. However, SS8-coral exhibited faster growth recovered cell density photochemical efficiency more quickly following chemical inoculation under ambient relative Durusdinium-corals. Mass spectrometry imaging suggests algal pigments involved in photobiology oxidative stress greatest contributors thermotolerance differences between heat-evolved versus proliferum. These may have increased photoprotection symbionts. This first laboratory study show (G. fascicularis) can be via uptake exogenously supplied, symbionts, without a trade-off against temperature. Importantly, remained moderate abundance 2 years after inoculation, suggesting long-term stability this novel symbiosis benefits

Language: Английский

---

Photosynthesis and other factors affecting the establishment and maintenance of cnidarian–dinoflagellate symbiosis

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 379(1901)

Published: March 18, 2024

Coral growth depends on the partnership between animal hosts and their intracellular, photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbionts. In this study, we used sea anemone Aiptasia , a laboratory model for coral biology, to investigate poorly understood mechanisms that mediate symbiosis establishment maintenance. We found initial colonization of both adult polyps larvae by compatible algal strain was more effective when algae were able photosynthesize long-term maintenance also depended photosynthesis. dark, cells taken up into host gastrodermal not rapidly expelled, but they seemed unable reproduce thus gradually lost. When confocal microscopy examine interaction with two strains cannot establish stable symbioses it appeared pre- post-phagocytosis involved. With one strain, entered gastric cavity be completely excluded from cells. other small numbers proliferate there slowly lost upon further incubation. asked if exclusion either incompatible could result simply cells' being too large accommodate. However, size distributions overlapped extensively. Moreover, examination macerates confirmed earlier reports individual expand accommodate multiple This article is part theme issue ‘Sculpting microbiome: how factors determine respond microbial colonization’.

Language: Английский

---

Functional Characterization of Hexacorallia Phagocytic Cells

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: July 26, 2021

Phagocytosis is the cellular defense mechanism used to eliminate antigens derived from dysregulated or damaged cells, and microbial pathogens. therefore a pillar of innate immunity, whereby foreign particles are engulfed degraded in lysolitic vesicles. In hexacorallians, phagocytic mechanisms poorly understood, though putative anthozoan cells (amoebocytes) have been identified histologically. We identify characterize phagocytes coral Pocillopora damicornis sea anemone Nematostella vectensis . Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting microscopy, we show that distinct populations engulf bacteria, fungal antigens, beads. addition pathogenic self, cells. target localize low pH phagolysosomes, degradation occurring within them. Inhibiting actin filament rearrangement interferes with efficient particle phagocytosis but does not affect small molecule pinocytosis. also demonstrate markers for vesicles reactive oxygen species (ROS) correlate hexacorallian phagocytes. These results establish foundation improving our understanding immune biology.

Language: Английский

---

Corals and Sponges Under the Light of the Holobiont Concept: How Microbiomes Underpin Our Understanding of Marine Ecosystems

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: Aug. 16, 2021

In the past 20 years, a new concept has slowly emerged and expanded to various domains of marine biology research: holobiont. A holobiont describes consortium formed by eukaryotic host its associated microorganisms including bacteria, archaea, protists, microalgae, fungi, viruses. From coral reefs deep-sea, symbiotic relationships host–microbiome interactions are omnipresent central health ecosystems. Studying organisms under light is paradigm that impacts many aspects sciences. This approach an innovative way understanding complex functioning organisms, their evolution, ecological roles within ecosystems, adaptation face environmental changes. review offers broad insight into key concepts studies current knowledge model holobionts. Firstly, history expansion use from evolutionary sciences other fields will be discussed. Then, ecology physiology holobionts investigated through examples corals sponges. We discuss change on at level how microbiomes contribute resilience and/or vulnerability in stressors. Finally, we conclude with development technologies, holistic approaches, future prospects for conservation surrounding

Language: Английский

---

Cell surface carbohydrates of symbiotic dinoflagellates and their role in the establishment of cnidarian–dinoflagellate symbiosis

The ISME Journal, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 16(1), P. 190 - 199

Published: July 20, 2021

Abstract Symbiodiniaceae algae are often photosymbionts of reef-building corals. The establishment their symbiosis resembles a microbial infection where eukaryotic pattern recognition receptors (e.g. lectins) thought to recognize specific range taxon-specific microbial-associated molecular patterns glycans). present study used the sea anemone, Exaiptasia diaphana and three species (the homologous Breviolum minutum, heterologous-compatible Cladocopium goreaui heterologous-incompatible Fugacium kawagutii) compare surface glycomes symbionts explore role glycan–lectin interactions in host–symbiont symbiosis. We identified nucleotide sugars algal cells, then examined glycans on cell wall symbiont with monosaccharide analysis, lectin array technology fluorescence microscopy decorated fluorescently tagged lectins. Armed this inventory possible glycan moieties, we assayed ability colonize aposymbiotic E. after modifying one two partners. cell-surface glycome varies among species. Trypsin treatment alga changed rate B. minutum C. uptake, suggesting that protein-based moiety is an essential part compatible recognition. Our data strongly support importance D-galactose (in particular β-D-galactose) residues cnidarian–dinoflagellate symbiosis, propose potential involvement L-fucose, D-xylose D-galacturonic acid early steps mutualism.

Language: Английский

---

Manganese Benefits Heat-Stressed Corals at the Cellular Level

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: June 29, 2021

The intensity and frequency of coral bleaching events have increased worldwide especially due to thermal stress seawater pollution. Although it has been observed that metal concentration in can affect the coral’s ability adopt cellular defensive mechanisms counteract bleaching, more investigations are needed better understand role metals physiology. In this study, we analyzed individual combined effects prolonged heat manganese (Mn) iron (Fe) enrichments at level on Stylophora pistillata . Thermal caused an up-regulation expression host Heat shock proteins (Hsps) 60 70, which showed a parallel pattern modulation all treatments, as well increase lipid peroxidation (LPO) holobiont. Fe enrichment did not induce any change Hsp or oxidative status corals both ambient temperature 26°C temperature, suggesting didn’t seem play mitigating damages bleaching. Mn MnFe seemed zooxanthellae, since high LPO glutathione reductase (GR) levels were recorded, but cause effect polyp expression, probably antioxidant action GR. With increase, prevented significant decrease GR activity, strengthening previous hypothesis could mitigate negative produced by stress.

Language: Английский

---