Orchestration of antiviral responses within the infected central nervous system

Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(9), P. 943 - 958

Published: July 12, 2024

Abstract Many newly emerging and re-emerging viruses have neuroinvasive potential, underscoring viral encephalitis as a global research priority. Upon entry of the virus into CNS, severe neurological life-threatening conditions may manifest that are associated with high morbidity mortality. The currently available therapeutic arsenal against is rather limited, emphasizing need to better understand local antiviral immunity within infected CNS. In this review, we discuss new insights pathophysiology encephalitis, focus on myeloid cells CD8 + T cells, which critically contribute protection CNS infection. By illuminating prerequisites cell activation, discussing discoveries regarding their transcriptional signatures, dissecting mechanisms recruitment sites replication aim further delineate complexity responses Moreover, summarize current knowledge in field infection neurodegeneration potential links some neurotropic certain pathological hallmarks observed neurodegeneration.

Language: Английский

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Role of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of COVID-19-associated neurological manifestations

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: Sept. 16, 2022

SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19, which has claimed millions of lives. This virus can infect various cells and tissues, including the brain, for numerous neurological symptoms have been reported, ranging from mild non-life-threatening (e.g., headaches, anosmia, dysgeusia, disorientation) to severe life-threatening meningitis, ischemic stroke, cerebral thrombosis). The cellular receptor is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an that belongs renin-angiotensin system (RAS). RAS endocrine classically associated with regulating blood pressure fluid electrolyte balance; however, it also involved in promoting inflammation, proliferation, fibrogenesis, lipogenesis. Two pathways constitute counter-balancing effects, key its regulation. first axis (classical) composed (ACE), angiotensin (Ang) II, type 1 (AT1R) as main effector, -when activated- increases production aldosterone antidiuretic hormone, sympathetic nervous tone, pressure, vasoconstriction, fibrosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Both systemic local classical RAS’ within brain are cognitive impairment, cell death, inflammation. second (non-classical or alternative) includes ACE2, converts Ang II Ang-(1–7), a peptide molecule activates Mas (MasR) charge opposing II/AT1R actions. Thus, alternative enhances cognition, synaptic remodeling, survival, signal transmission, antioxidant/anti-inflammatory mechanisms brain. In physiological state, both axes remain balanced. However, some factors dysregulate arms. binding ACE2 internalization degradation this enzyme, reducing activity, disrupting balance RAS, partially explain appearance COVID-19. Therefore, review aims analyze role development effects due infection. Moreover, we will discuss RAS-molecular targets could be used therapeutic purposes treat short long-term COVID-19-related sequelae.

Language: Английский

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Enhanced replication of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 in human forebrain and midbrain organoids

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: Nov. 20, 2022

Language: Английский

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Brain autopsies of critically ill COVID-19 patients demonstrate heterogeneous profile of acute vascular injury, inflammation and age-linked chronic brain diseases

Acta Neuropathologica Communications, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: Dec. 17, 2022

This study examined neuropathological findings of patients who died following hospitalization in an intensive care unit with SARS-CoV-2.

Language: Английский

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Olfactory immune response to SARS-CoV-2

Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(2), P. 134 - 143

Published: Dec. 25, 2023

Abstract Numerous pathogens can infect the olfactory tract, yet pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has strongly emphasized importance of mucosa as an immune barrier. Situated in nasal passages, is directly exposed to environment sense airborne odorants; however, this also means it serve a direct route entry from outside world into brain. As result, olfactotropic infections have serious consequences, including dysfunction system, CNS invasion, dissemination lower respiratory and transmission between individuals. Recent research shown that distinctive response needed protect neuronal mucosal tissue. A better understanding innate, adaptive, structural barriers develop effective therapeutics vaccines against microbes such SARS-CoV-2. Here, we summarize ramifications infection mucosa, review subsequent response, discuss important areas future for immunity infectious disease.

Language: Английский

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