Cerebromicrovascular mechanisms contributing to long COVID: implications for neurocognitive health

GeroScience, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 7, 2025

Abstract Long COVID (also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection [PASC] or post-COVID syndrome) is characterized by persistent symptoms that extend beyond the acute phase infection, affecting approximately 10% to over 30% those infected. It presents a significant clinical challenge, notably due pronounced neurocognitive such brain fog. The mechanisms underlying these effects are multifactorial, with mounting evidence pointing central role cerebromicrovascular dysfunction. This review investigates key pathophysiological contributing cerebrovascular dysfunction in long and their impacts on health. We discuss how endothelial tropism direct vascular trigger dysfunction, impaired neurovascular coupling, blood–brain barrier disruption, resulting compromised cerebral perfusion. Furthermore, appears induce mitochondrial enhancing oxidative stress inflammation within cells. Autoantibody formation following also potentially exacerbates injury, chronic ongoing compromise. These factors collectively contribute emergence white matter hyperintensities, promote amyloid pathology, may accelerate neurodegenerative processes, including Alzheimer’s disease. emphasizes critical advanced imaging techniques assessing health need for targeted interventions address complications. A deeper understanding essential advance treatments mitigate its long-term consequences.

Language: Английский

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Cognitive dysfunction in post‐COVID‐19 condition: Mechanisms, management, and rehabilitation

Journal of Internal Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 294(5), P. 563 - 581

Published: Sept. 27, 2023

Abstract The long‐term effects of COVID‐19 on cognitive function have become an area increasing concern. This paper provides overview characteristics, risk factors, possible mechanisms, and management strategies for dysfunction in post‐COVID‐19 condition (PCC). Prolonged is one the most common impairments PCC, affecting between 17% 28% individuals more than 12 weeks after infection persisting some cases several years. Cognitive dysfunctions can be manifested as a wide range symptoms including memory impairment, attention deficit, executive dysfunction, reduced processing speed. Risk factors developing with or without impairments, include advanced age, preexisting medical conditions, severity acute illness. underlying mechanisms remain unclear, but proposed contributors neuroinflammation, hypoxia, vascular damage, latent virus reactivation not excluding possibility direct viral invasion central nervous system, illustrating complex pathology. As individual variation large, neuropsychological examination person‐centered multidimensional approach are required. According to World Health Organization, limited evidence COVID‐19‐related necessitates implementing rehabilitation interventions from established practices similar conditions. Psychoeducation compensatory skills training recommended. Assistive products environmental modifications adapted needs might helpful. In specific attention‐ working dysfunctions, training—carefully monitored intensity—might effective people who do suffer post‐exertional malaise. Further research crucial evidence‐based impairments.

Language: Английский

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Cerebral small vessel disease pathology in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review

Ageing Research Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 88, P. 101962 - 101962

Published: May 23, 2023

Language: Английский

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Long COVID and especially headache syndromes

Current Opinion in Neurology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 5, 2023

Purpose of review This is an expert overview on recent literature about the complex relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and headache. Recent findings Long COVID a clinical syndrome characterized by presence persistent symptoms following severe acute respiratory 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Headache one most common described often as throbbing pain, associated with photo phonofobia worsening physical exercise. In COVID-19, headache usually moderate or severe, diffuse oppressive although sometimes it has been migraine-like phenotype, especially in patients previous history migraine. intensity during phase seems to be important predictor duration over time. Some COVID-19 cases can cerebrovascular complications, red flags secondary headaches (e.g. new unresponsive headache, onset neurological focal signs) should urgently investigated imaging. Treatment goals are reduction number crises, prevention chronic forms. Summary help clinicians approach infection from SARS-CoV-2, particular attention long COVID.

Language: Английский

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Improving Neuropsychological Rehabilitation for COVID-19 Patients

Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 34(2), P. 57 - 70

Published: May 24, 2023

Abstract: Cognitive sequelae after recovery from an initial COVID-19 disease are present in a subset of affected individuals, coalescing around several important issues such as effects age, severity, comorbidities, and other factors. Some neuropsychological symptoms appear more common among certain patient populations. Comorbidities may complicate assessment well. Hence, we need guideline-based evaluation to guide rehabilitation. Drawing the recent revision German National Guideline for Long- Post-COVID Syndrome current advances international guidance on assessment, this article provides practical scientifically informed recommendations individuals recovering coronavirus-related diseases.

Language: Английский

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The contribution of gut-brain axis to development of neurological symptoms in COVID-19 recovered patients: A hypothesis and review of literature

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Dec. 22, 2022

The gut microbiota undergoes significant alterations in response to viral infections, particularly the novel SARS-CoV-2. As impaired can trigger numerous neurological disorders, we suggest that long-term symptoms of COVID-19 may be related intestinal disorders these patients. Thus, have gathered available information on how virus affect gastrointestinal systems, both acute and recovery phase disease, described several mechanisms through which this dysbiosis lead such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic fatigue, psychiatric depression anxiety, even neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s disease. These mediated by inflammatory cytokines, well certain chemicals hormones (e.g., CCK), neurotransmitters 5-HT), etc. short-chain fatty acids), autonomic nervous system. In addition direct influences virus, repurposed medications used for patients also play a role dysbiosis. conclusion, although there are many dark spots our current knowledge mechanism COVID-19-related gut-brain axis disturbance, based evidence, hypothesize two phenomena more than just coincidence highly recommend large-scale epidemiologic studies future.

Language: Английский

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Exploration of multifaceted molecular mechanism of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in pathogenesis of various diseases

Heliyon, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 9(5), P. e15644 - e15644

Published: April 20, 2023

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a homolog of ACE (a transmembrane bound dipeptidyl peptidase enzyme). ACE2 converts angiotensinogen to the heptapeptide angiotensin-(1–7). and its product, angiotensin-(1–7), have counteracting effects against adverse actions other members renin-angiotensin system (RAS). principal were considered an under recognized arm RAS. The COVID-19 pandemic brought light this RAS with special focus on ACE2. Membrane serves as receptor for SARS-CoV-2 viral entry through spike proteins. Apart from that, also involved in pathogenesis various diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory diseases, neurodegenerative infertility. present review focuses molecular mechanism infertility including SARS-CoV-2. This summarizes unveiled roles which further provides intriguing possibilities use activators modulating agents diseases.

Language: Английский

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Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Long COVID’s Cardiovascular Injuries

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(7), P. 2004 - 2004

Published: July 15, 2023

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the biggest challenges cardiovascular medicine. significance RAS in chronic progression SARS-CoV-2 infection and its consequences topics that are currently being mostly discussed. undermines balance between beneficial harmful pathways. level soluble ACE2 membrane-bound both upregulated by endocytosis SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 complex tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-converting enzyme (ADAM17)-induced cleavage. Through link processes proliferation, fibrous remodelling myocardium initiated from acute phase disease, continuing into long COVID stage. In term, dysfunction may cause an impairment effects leading to thromboembolic a reduction perfusion target organs. main aspects ACE2-a key pathogenic role COVID-19 as well mechanisms involvement injuries studied. Therapeutic directions can be anticipated relation various pathways damage patients with longCOVID have also been outlined.

Language: Английский

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Ketogenic Diet and Ketone Bodies as Clinical Support for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2—Review of the Evidence

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(6), P. 1262 - 1262

Published: May 27, 2023

One of the proposed nutritional therapies to support drug therapy in COVID-19 is use a ketogenic diet (KD) or ketone bodies. In this review, we summarized evidence from tissue, animal, and human models looked at mechanisms action KD/ketone bodies against COVID-19. were shown be effective stage virus entry into host cell. The β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), by preventing metabolic reprogramming associated with infection improving mitochondrial function, reduced glycolysis CD4+ lymphocytes improved respiratory chain could provide an alternative carbon source for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Through multiple mechanisms, supported immune response. animal models, KD resulted protection weight loss hypoxemia, faster recovery, lung injury, better survival young mice. humans, increased survival, need hospitalization COVID-19, showed protective role abnormalities after It appears that may considered as clinical intervention assist treatment despite fact numerous studies indicate SARS-CoV-2 alone induce ketoacidosis. However, such requires strong scientific validation.

Language: Английский

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Longevity-Associated Transcription Factor ATF7 Promotes Healthspan by Suppressing Cellular Senescence and Systematic Inflammation

Aging and Disease, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 0 - 0

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

Aging is characterized by persistent low-grade systematic inflammation, which largely responsible for the occurrence of various age-associated diseases. We and others have previously reported that long-lived people (such as centenarians) can delay onset or even escape certain major age-related Here, screening blood transcriptome inflammatory profiles, we found individuals had a relatively lower inflammation level (IL6, TNFα), accompanied up-regulation activating transcription factor 7 (ATF7). Interestingly, ATF7 expression was gradually reduced during cellular senescence. Loss induced senescence, while overexpression delayed senescence progress senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) secretion. showed anti-senescence effects were achieved inhibiting nuclear kappa B (NF-κB) signaling increasing histone H3K9 dimethylation (H3K9me2). In Caenorhabditis elegans, significantly suppressed aging biomarkers extended lifespan. Our findings suggest longevity-promoting lowers in individuals.

Language: Английский

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