Discovering causal relations and equations from data

Physics Reports, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 1044, P. 1 - 68

Published: Nov. 7, 2023

Physics is a field of science that has traditionally used the scientific method to answer questions about why natural phenomena occur and make testable models explain phenomena. Discovering equations, laws, principles are invariant, robust, causal been fundamental in physical sciences throughout centuries. Discoveries emerge from observing world and, when possible, performing interventions on system under study. With advent big data data-driven methods, fields equation discovery have developed accelerated progress computer science, physics, statistics, philosophy, many applied fields. This paper reviews concepts, relevant works broad physics outlines most important challenges promising future lines research. We also provide taxonomy for discovery, point out connections, showcase comprehensive case studies Earth climate sciences, fluid dynamics mechanics, neurosciences. review demonstrates discovering laws relations by revolutionised with efficient exploitation observational simulations, modern machine learning algorithms combination domain knowledge. Exciting times ahead opportunities improve our understanding complex systems.

Language: Английский

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Neural interfaces: Bridging the brain to the world beyond healthcare

Exploration, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 4(5)

Published: March 14, 2024

Abstract Neural interfaces, emerging at the intersection of neurotechnology and urban planning, promise to transform how we interact with our surroundings communicate. By recording decoding neural signals, these interfaces facilitate direct connections between brain external devices, enabling seamless information exchange shared experiences. Nevertheless, their development is challenged by complexities in materials science, electrochemistry, algorithmic design. Electrophysiological crosstalk mismatch electrode rigidity tissue flexibility further complicate signal fidelity biocompatibility. Recent closed‐loop brain‐computer while promising for mood regulation cognitive enhancement, are limited accuracy adaptability user interfaces. This perspective outlines challenges discusses progress contrasting non‐invasive invasive approaches, explores dynamics stimulation interfacing. Emphasis placed on applications beyond healthcare, highlighting need implantable high‐resolution capabilities.

Language: Английский

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Machine learning for adaptive deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: closing the loop

Journal of Neurology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 270(11), P. 5313 - 5326

Published: Aug. 2, 2023

Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative bearing a severe social and economic impact. So far, there no known modifying therapy current available treatments are symptom oriented. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) established as an effective treatment for PD, however systems lag behind today’s technological potential. Adaptive DBS, where stimulation parameters depend on patient’s physiological state, emerges important step towards “smart” strategy that enables adaptive personalized therapy. This new facilitated by currently neurotechnologies allowing simultaneous monitoring of multiple signals, providing relevant information. Advanced computational models analytical methods tool to explore richness data identify signal properties close loop in DBS. To tackle this challenge, machine learning (ML) applied DBS have gained popularity due their ability make good predictions presence variables subtle patterns. ML based approaches being explored at different fronts such identification electrophysiological biomarkers development control systems, leading relief. In review, we how can help overcome challenges closed-loop particularly its role search electrophysiology biomarkers. Promising results demonstrate potential supporting generation with better management delivery, resulting more efficient patient-tailored treatments.

Language: Английский

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Low intensity focused ultrasound: a new prospect for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease

Annals of Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 55(2)

Published: Aug. 26, 2023

Background: As a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease, Parkinson's disease (PD) still lacks effective safe targeted drug therapy. Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU), new method to stimulate the brain open blood-brain barrier (BBB), has been widely concerned by PD researchers due its non-invasive characteristics.Methods: PubMed was searched for past 10 years using terms 'focused ultrasound', 'transcranial 'pulse 'Parkinson's disease'. Relevant citations were selected from authors' references. After excluding articles describing high-intensity or non-Parkinson's applications, we found more than 100 full-text analyses pooled analysis.Results: Current preclinical studies have shown that LIFU could improve motor symptoms regulating microglia activation, increasing neurotrophic factors, reducing oxidative stress, promoting nerve repair regeneration, while combined with microbubbles (MBs) can promote drugs cross BBB, which may become direction of treatment. Therefore, finding an efficient carrier system is top priority applying MBs deliver drugs.Conclusions: This article aims review neuro-modulatory effect possible biophysical mechanism in treatment PD, summarize latest progress delivering vehicles MBs, discuss advantages limitations.

Language: Английский

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Pathological pallidal beta activity in Parkinson’s disease is sustained during sleep and associated with sleep disturbance

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Sept. 5, 2023

Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with excessive beta activity in the basal ganglia. Brain sensing implants aim to leverage this biomarker for demand-dependent adaptive stimulation. Sleep disturbance among most common non-motor symptoms PD, but its relationship unknown. To investigate clinical potential of as a sleep quality we recorded pallidal local field potentials during polysomnography PD patients off dopaminergic medication and compared results dystonia patients. exhibited sustained elevated across wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM), non-REM sleep, which was correlated disturbance. Simulation stimulation revealed that sleep-related changes remain unaccounted by current algorithms, negative outcomes overall life

Language: Английский

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Neuroscience fundamentals relevant to neuromodulation: Neurobiology of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease

Neurotherapeutics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(3), P. e00348 - e00348

Published: April 1, 2024

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) has become a pivotal therapeutic approach for Parkinson's Disease (PD) and various neuropsychiatric conditions, impacting over 200,000 patients. Despite its widespread application, the intricate mechanisms behind DBS remain subject of ongoing investigation. This article provides an overview current knowledge surrounding local, circuit, neurobiochemical effects DBS, focusing on subthalamic nucleus (STN) as key target in PD management.The local once thought to mimic reversible lesion, now reveal more nuanced interplay with myelinated axons, neurotransmitter release, microenvironment. Circuit illuminate modulation oscillatory activities within basal ganglia emphasize communication between STN primary motor cortex. Neurobiochemical effects, encompassing changes dopamine levels epigenetic modifications, add further complexity landscape.Finally, context understanding PD, highlights controversial question whether exerts disease-modifying PD. While preclinical evidence suggests neuroprotective potential, clinical trials such EARLYSTIM face challenges assessing long-term disease modification due enrollment timing methodology limitations. The discussion underscores need robust biomarkers large-scale prospective conclusively determine DBS's potential therapy

Language: Английский

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Proceedings of the 11th Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank: pushing the forefront of neuromodulation with functional network mapping, biomarkers for adaptive DBS, bioethical dilemmas, AI-guided neuromodulation, and translational advancements

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 18

Published: Feb. 21, 2024

The Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Think Tank XI was held on August 9–11, 2023 in Gainesville, Florida with the theme of “Pushing Forefront Neuromodulation”. keynote speaker Dr. Nico Dosenbach from Washington University St. Louis, Missouri. He presented his research recently published Nature inn a collaboration Evan Gordon to identify and characterize somato-cognitive action network (SCAN), which has redefined motor homunculus led new hypotheses about integrative networks underpinning therapeutic DBS. DBS founded 2012 provides an open platform where clinicians, engineers, researchers (from industry academia) can freely discuss current emerging technologies, as well logistical ethical issues facing field. group estimated that globally more than 263,000 devices have been implanted for neurological neuropsychiatric disorders. This year's meeting focused advances following areas: cutting-edge translational neuromodulation, physiology, neuromodulation Europe Asia, neuroethical dilemmas, artificial intelligence computational modeling, time scales mood disorders, future devices.

Language: Английский

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Dopaminergic reinforcement in the motor system: Implications for Parkinson's disease and deep brain stimulation

European Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 59(3), P. 457 - 472

Published: Jan. 4, 2024

Abstract Millions of people suffer from dopamine‐related disorders spanning disturbances in movement, cognition and emotion. These changes are often attributed to striatal dopamine function. Thus, understanding how signalling the striatum basal ganglia shapes human behaviour is fundamental advancing treatment affected patients. Dopaminergic neurons innervate large‐scale brain networks, accordingly, many different roles for signals have been proposed, such as invigoration movement tracking reward contingencies. The canonical circuit architecture cortico‐striatal loops sparks question, whether serve an overarching computational principle. Such a holistic functioning could provide new insights into symptom generation psychiatry neurology. Here, we review perspective that bidirectionally control neural population dynamics, increasing or decreasing their strength likelihood reoccur future, process previously termed reinforcement . We outline pathways drive strengthening weakening dynamics discuss implication this hypothesis on motor signs Parkinson's disease (PD), most frequent dopaminergic disorder. propose loss PD may lead pathological state where repetition activity leads instability, possibly explanatory fact deteriorates with repetition. Finally, speculate therapeutic interventions deep stimulation be able reinstate thereby improve strategies future.

Language: Английский

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Pathological and physiological functional cross-talks of α-synuclein and tau in the central nervous system

Neural Regeneration Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 19(4), P. 855 - 862

Published: Sept. 4, 2023

α-Synuclein and tau are abundant multifunctional brain proteins that mainly expressed in the presynaptic axonal compartments of neurons, respectively. Previous works have revealed intracellular deposition α-synuclein and/or causes many neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease. Despite intense investigation, normal physiological functions roles still unclear, owing to fact mice with knockout either these do not present apparent phenotypes. Interestingly, co-occurrence aggregates was found post-mortem brains synucleinopathies tauopathies, some which share similarities clinical manifestations. Furthermore, direct interaction is considered promote fibrillization each vitro vivo . On other hand, our recent findings cooperatively involved development a stage-dependent manner. These indicate strong cross-talk between two physiology pathology. In this review, we provide summary on functional conditions pathogenesis diseases. A deep understanding interplay pathological might novel targets for diagnosis therapeutic strategies treat

Language: Английский

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Kinematic Effects of Combined Subthalamic and Dorsolateral Nigral Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease

Journal of Parkinson s Disease, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(2), P. 269 - 282

Published: Feb. 16, 2024

Background: Additional stimulation of the substantia nigra (SNr) has been proposed to target axial symptoms and gait impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Objective: This study aimed characterize effects combined deep brain (DBS) subthalamic nucleus (STN) SNr on performance PD map sites within SNr. Methods: In a double-blinded crossover design, 10 underwent clinical examination kinematic assessment STN DBS, STN+SNr DBS OFF 30 minutes after reprogramming. To confirm SNr, electrodes, active contacts, volumes were modeled common space overlap atlases was computed. Results: Overlap dorsolateral confirmed for all patients. UPDRS III, scoring freezing during turning transitioning, stride length, velocity, range motion shank, knee, arm, trunk as well peak velocities transitions turn duration improved compared OFF. On cohort level, no further improvement observed but additive spatiotemporal parameters individual subjects. Conclusions: Combined high frequency did not consistently result additional short-term or benefit DBS. Stimulation intervals, frequency, patient selection region need refinement future trials.

Language: Английский

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