To die or not to die: early warnings of tree dieback in response to a severe drought DOI Open Access
J. Julio Camarero, Antonio Gazol, Gabriel Sangüesa‐Barreda

et al.

Journal of Ecology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 103(1), P. 44 - 57

Published: Jan. 1, 2015

Summary Some disturbances can drive ecological systems to abrupt shifts between alternative stages (tipping points) when critical transitions occur. Drought‐induced tree death be considered as a nonlinear shift in vigour and growth. However, at what point do trees become predisposed drought‐related dieback which factors determine this (tipping) point? We investigated these questions by characterizing the responses of three species, silver fir ( A bies alba ), S cots pine P inus sylvestris ) Aleppo halepensis severe drought event. compared basal area increment BAI trends climate declining (very defoliated dying) vs. non‐declining (slightly or not defoliated) using generalized additive mixed models. Defoliation, sapwood production were related functional proxies measured onset end (non‐structural carbohydrate concentrations, needle N content C isotopic discrimination, presence wood‐inhabiting fungi). evaluated whether early warning signals (increases synchronicity among autocorrelation standard deviation) could extracted from series prior death. Declining Scots showed less growth than one decades, respectively, before event, whereas leppo pines decline irrespective defoliation. At period, all species increased defoliation reduction concentration soluble sugars. Defoliation was constrained previous 5 years production. No specific fungi found post‐drought apart blue‐stain fungi, extensively affected damaged pines. firs increases variability Synthesis . Early drought‐triggered mortality seem reflect how different cope with stress. Highly correlated patterns during serve signal fir, changes sugars are suitable for Longer series, additional parameters multi‐species comparisons required understand predict drought‐induced

Language: Английский

Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought DOI
Brendan Choat, Steven Jansen, Timothy J. Brodribb

et al.

Nature, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 491(7426), P. 752 - 755

Published: Nov. 1, 2012

Language: Английский

Citations

2358
On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die‐off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene DOI
Craig D. Allen, David D. Breshears, Nate G. McDowell

et al.

Ecosphere, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 6(8), P. 1 - 55

Published: Aug. 1, 2015

Patterns, mechanisms, projections, and consequences of tree mortality associated broad‐scale forest die‐off due to drought accompanied by warmer temperatures—“hotter drought”, an emerging characteristic the Anthropocene—are focus rapidly expanding literature. Despite recent observational, experimental, modeling studies suggesting increased vulnerability trees hotter pests pathogens, substantial debate remains among research, management policy‐making communities regarding future risks. We summarize key mortality‐relevant findings, differentiating between those implying lesser versus greater levels vulnerability. Evidence includes benefits elevated [CO 2 ] water‐use efficiency; observed modeled increases in growth canopy greening; widespread woody‐plant biomass, density, extent; compensatory physiological, morphological, genetic mechanisms; dampening ecological feedbacks; potential mitigation management. In contrast, document more rapid under negative physiological responses accelerated biotic attacks. Additional evidence rising background rates; projected frequency, intensity, duration; limitations vegetation models such as inadequately represented processes; warming feedbacks from die‐off; wildfire synergies. Grouping these findings we identify ten contrasting perspectives that shape but have not been discussed collectively. also present a set global drivers are known with high confidence: (1) droughts eventually occur everywhere; (2) produces droughts; (3) atmospheric moisture demand nonlinearly temperature during drought; (4) can faster drought, consistent fundamental physiology; (5) shorter frequently than longer become lethal warming, increasing frequency nonlinearly; (6) happens relative intervals needed for recovery. These high‐confidence drivers, concert research supporting perspectives, support overall viewpoint globally. surmise is being discounted part difficulties predicting threshold extreme climate events. Given profound societal implications underestimating highlight urgent challenges management, communities.

Language: Английский

Citations

2277
Temperature as a potent driver of regional forest drought stress and tree mortality DOI
Park Williams, Craig D. Allen,

Alison K. Macalady

et al.

Nature Climate Change, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 3(3), P. 292 - 297

Published: Sept. 28, 2012

Language: Английский

Citations

1828
Plant responses to rising vapor pressure deficit DOI Creative Commons
Charlotte Grossiord, Thomas N. Buckley, Lucas A. Cernusak

et al.

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 226(6), P. 1550 - 1566

Published: Feb. 17, 2020

Summary Recent decades have been characterized by increasing temperatures worldwide, resulting in an exponential climb vapor pressure deficit (VPD). VPD has identified as increasingly important driver of plant functioning terrestrial biomes and established a major contributor recent drought‐induced mortality independent other drivers associated with climate change. Despite this, few studies isolated the physiological response to high VPD, thus limiting our understanding ability predict future impacts on ecosystems. An abundance evidence suggests that stomatal conductance declines under transpiration increases most species up until given threshold, leading cascade subsequent including reduced photosynthesis growth, higher risks carbon starvation hydraulic failure . Incorporation photosynthetic traits ‘next‐generation’ land‐surface models greatest potential for improved prediction responses at plant‐ global‐scale, will yield more mechanistic simulations changing climate. By providing fully integrated framework evaluation function, improvements forecasting long‐term projections can be made.

Language: Английский

Citations

1427
Triggers of tree mortality under drought DOI
Brendan Choat, Timothy J. Brodribb, Craig R. Brodersen

et al.

Nature, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 558(7711), P. 531 - 539

Published: June 1, 2018

Language: Английский

Citations

1356
ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions DOI
Wouter Dorigo, Wolfgang Wagner, Clément Albergel

et al.

Remote Sensing of Environment, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 203, P. 185 - 215

Published: July 26, 2017

Language: Английский

Citations

1277
A multi-species synthesis of physiological mechanisms in drought-induced tree mortality DOI
Henry D. Adams, Melanie Zeppel, William R. L. Anderegg

et al.

Nature Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 1(9), P. 1285 - 1291

Published: Aug. 4, 2017

Language: Английский

Citations

962
Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts, processes and potential future impacts DOI Creative Commons

D. Frank,

Markus Reichstein, Michael Bahn

et al.

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 21(8), P. 2861 - 2880

Published: March 7, 2015

Extreme droughts, heat waves, frosts, precipitation, wind storms and other climate extremes may impact the structure, composition functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, thus carbon cycling its feedbacks to system. Yet, interconnected avenues through which drive ecological physiological processes alter balance are poorly understood. Here, we review literature on cycle relevant responses ecosystems extreme climatic events. Given that impacts considered disturbances, assume respective general disturbance-induced mechanisms also operate in an context. The paucity well-defined studies currently renders a quantitative meta-analysis impossible, but permits us develop deductive framework for identifying main (and coupling thereof) act cycle. We find ecosystem can exceed duration via lagged effects expected regional future will depend changes probability severity their occurrence, compound timing different extremes, vulnerability each land-cover type modulated by management. Although sensitivities differ among biomes, based expert opinion, expect forests exhibit largest net effect due large pools fluxes, potentially indirect impacts, long recovery time regain previous stocks. At global scale, presume droughts have strongest most widespread cycling. Comparing identified remote sensing vs. ground-based observational case reveals many regions (sub-)tropics understudied. Hence, investigations needed allow upscaling carbon-climate feedbacks.

Language: Английский

Citations

863
A first assessment of the impact of the extreme 2018 summer drought on Central European forests DOI Creative Commons
Bernhard Schuldt, Allan Buras, Matthias Arend

et al.

Basic and Applied Ecology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 45, P. 86 - 103

Published: April 29, 2020

In 2018, Central Europe experienced one of the most severe and long-lasting summer drought heat wave ever recorded. Before 2003 millennial was often invoked as example a "hotter drought", classified event in for last 500 years. First insights now confirm that 2018 climatically more extreme had greater impact on forest ecosystems Austria, Germany Switzerland than drought. Across this region, mean growing season air temperature from April to October 3.3°C above long-term average, 1.2°C warmer 2003. Here, we present first assessment heatwave European forests. response event, ecologically economically important tree species temperate forests showed signs stress. These symptoms included exceptionally low foliar water potentials crossing threshold xylem hydraulic failure many observations widespread leaf discoloration premature shedding. As result stress, caused unprecedented drought-induced mortality throughout region. Moreover, unexpectedly strong drought-legacy effects were detected 2019. This implies physiological recovery trees impaired after leaving them highly vulnerable secondary impacts such insect or fungal pathogen attacks. consequence, triggered by events is likely continue several Our indicates common are waves previously thought. occur frequently with progression climate change, might approach point substantial ecological economic transition. also highlights urgent need pan-European ground-based monitoring network suited track individual mortality, supported remote sensing products high spatial temporal resolution track, analyse forecast these transitions.

Language: Английский

Citations

811
Tree mortality from drought, insects, and their interactions in a changing climate DOI Open Access
William R. L. Anderegg, Jeffrey A. Hicke, Rosie A. Fisher

et al.

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 208(3), P. 674 - 683

Published: June 9, 2015

Summary Climate change is expected to drive increased tree mortality through drought, heat stress, and insect attacks, with manifold impacts on forest ecosystems. Yet, climate‐induced biotic disturbance agents are largely absent from process‐based ecosystem models. Using data sets the western USA associated studies, we present a framework for determining relative contribution of drought attack, their interactions, which critical modeling in future climates. We outline simple approach that identifies mechanisms two guilds insects – bark beetles defoliators responsible substantial mortality. then discuss cross‐biome patterns insect‐driven draw upon available evidence contrasting prevalence outbreaks temperate tropical regions. conclude an overview tools promising avenues address major challenges. Ultimately, multitrophic captures physiology, populations, tree–insect interactions will better inform projections responses climate change.

Language: Английский

Citations

806