Intrasexually selected weapons

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 94(1), P. 60 - 101

Published: June 20, 2018

ABSTRACT We propose a practical concept that distinguishes the particular kind of weaponry has evolved to be used in combat between individuals same species and sex, which we term intrasexually selected weapons (ISWs). present treatise ISWs nature, aiming understand their distinction evolution from other secondary sex traits, including ‘sexually weapons’, sexually dimorphic monomorphic weaponry. focus on subset traits are result same‐sex combat, defined here as ISWs, provide not previously reported evolutionary patterns, offer hypotheses answer questions such as: why have only some fight for opposite or breeding resources? examined seem entire animal phylogeny, restricting classification ISW enlarged adults one sexes, during intrasexual fights. Because absence behavioural data and, many cases, lack discriminated series juveniles adults, exclude fossil record this review. merge morphological, ontogenetic, information, first time thoroughly review tree life identify separate ISWs. found bilateral animals, appearing independently nematodes, various groups arthropods, vertebrates. Our sets reference point explore taxa with potential morphological studies warranted. establish most come pairs, located near head, endo‐ exoskeletal modifications, overdeveloped structures compared those females, modified feeding and/or locomotor appendages, common terrestrial taxa, frequently guard territories, both, also signalling displays deter rivals attract females. females few possess better‐developed than males, cases independent evenly distributed across animals possessing developed non‐hunting habits (e.g. herbivores) faunivores prey very small relative body size insectivores). Bringing together perspectives variety conceptualize there five ways trait, apart primary can fixed: sexual selection, fecundity parental role division, differential niche occupation interference competition. discuss these trends factors involved nature.

Language: Английский

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The definition of sexual selection

Behavioral Ecology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 32(5), P. 781 - 794

Published: May 11, 2021

Sexual selection is a key component of evolutionary biology. However, from the very formulation sexual by Darwin, nature and extent have been controversial. Recently, such controversy has led back to fundamental question just what is. This included how we incorporate female-female reproductive competition into or natural selection. In this review, do four things. First, examine want definition do. Second, define selection:

Language: Английский

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On the role of male competition in speciation: a review and research agenda

Behavioral Ecology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 29(4), P. 783 - 797

Published: Oct. 25, 2017

Support for the role of sexual selection in speciation has grown over last 30 years. Work this area, however, largely focused on a single dominant question: when and how do divergent male signals corresponding female preferences lead to reproductive isolation? The field not given adequate attention that competition, Darwin's second mechanism selection, might also play speciation. In review, we summarize recent work shows precopulatory competition can initiate sympatry, drive divergence competitive phenotypes allopatry, strengthen barriers between types during secondary contact. manner by which contributes allopatry is poorly understood yet compelling area research; similar choice, may be more likely working concert with ecology, sets stage among environments reduced gene flow. To encourage future research place potential mechanisms into existing frameworks propose theoretical empirical agenda reveal accumulation isolation. Our current understanding leads isolation limited, particularly well-suited fastest most likely.

Language: Английский

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On the evolution of extreme structures: static scaling and the function of sexually selected signals

Animal Behaviour, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 144, P. 95 - 108

Published: Sept. 18, 2018

Language: Английский

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A new horned and long-necked herbivorous stem-archosaur from the Middle Triassic of India

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: Aug. 10, 2017

Abstract The early evolution of archosauromorphs (bird- and crocodile-line archosaurs stem-archosaurs) represents an important case adaptive radiation that occurred in the aftermath Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Here we enrich archosauromorph record with description a moderately large (3–4 m total length), herbivorous new allokotosaurian, Shringasaurus indicus , from Middle Triassic India. most striking feature is presence pair supraorbital horns resemble those some ceratopsid dinosaurs. species dimorphic and, as occurs horned extant bovid mammals, these structures were probably sexually selected used weapons intraspecific combats. relatively size unusual anatomy broadens morphological diversity Early–Middle tetrapods complements understanding evolutionary mechanisms involved diversification.

Language: Английский

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Songs versus colours versus horns: what explains the diversity of sexually selected traits?

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 95(4), P. 847 - 864

Published: Feb. 24, 2020

Papers on sexual selection often highlight the incredible diversity of sexually selected traits across animals. Yet, few studies have tried to explain why this evolved. Animals use many different types attract mates and outcompete rivals, including colours, songs, horns, but it remains unclear why, for example, some taxa others horns. Here, we first conduct a systematic survey basic distribution signals weapons animal Tree Life. Based survey, describe seven major patterns in trait distributions. We then discuss 10 unanswered questions raised by these patterns, how they might be addressed. One pattern is that most are apparently absent from phyla (88%), contrast conventional wisdom present Furthermore, clustered Arthropoda Chordata, only within certain clades. Within clades, evolved, appear evolved repeatedly. By contrast, other arthropod chordate clades lack all or types, similar repeated at smaller phylogenetic scales (e.g. insects). Although research focuses female choice, find numbers (among sampled species) involved male contests (44%) choice (55%). Overall, largely unexplained unexplored, as fundamental about evolution traits. suggest understanding may require shift towards macroevolutionary relatively deep timescales tens hundreds millions years ago).

Language: Английский

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The hidden links between animal weapons, fighting style, and their effect on contest success: a meta‐analysis

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 97(5), P. 1948 - 1966

Published: July 4, 2022

ABSTRACT In many species that fight over resources, individuals use specialized structures to gain a mechanical advantage their rivals during contests (i.e. weapons). Although weapons are widespread across animals, how they affect the probability of winning is still debated. According theory, understanding weapon function essential to: ( i ) its importance in determining winner, and ii identifying what traits (e.g. length versus shape performance) most relevant for contest success. However, quantitative evaluations affects extent which influence success lacking. Here, we first develop an individual‐based model evaluate increasing winner translates differences between winners losers. Then, meta‐analysis identify: whether different measures outcome differently; animals fights – i.e. function; iii if correlates outcome. Our showed that, as increased chance mean difference losers also increased. Therefore, our used trait proxy The literature search identified 49 suitable studies, containing information 52 species, totalling 107 effect sizes. Four main patterns emerged. First, focuses on linear weapons, while performance concentrated Crustacea Squamata; other types were rare. Second, measurements greater than when all combined (and only subset). Third, bear almost always perform visual/tactile displays before engaging physical contact. And fourth, way display did not size outcomes, fighting style predicted would be higher. Species push or lift (even with functions) compared impact, pierce, pull squeeze. Overall, results show have incomplete animal built mostly few select taxa. Thus, should start focusing measuring according wider diversity species. One forward conduct studies integrate morphology ensure ecologically variables.

Language: Английский

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Human Male Body Size Predicts Increased Knockout Power, Which Is Accurately Tracked by Conspecific Judgments of Male Dominance

Human Nature, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 35(2), P. 114 - 133

Published: June 1, 2024

Abstract Humans have undergone a long evolutionary history of violent agonistic exchanges, which would placed selective pressures on greater body size and the psychophysical systems that detect them. The present work showed in humans predicted increased knockout power during combative contests (Study 1a-1b: total N = 5,866; Study 2: 44 openweight fights). In exchanges reflective ancestral asymmetries, heavier combatants were 200% more likely to win against their lighter counterparts because they knock them out 2). Human dominance judgments (total 500 MTurkers) accurately tracked frequency with men ( 516) knocked similar-sized adversaries 3). able directly perceive man’s attending cues size. judgments—which are important across numerous psychological domains, including attractiveness, leadership, legal decision-making—accurately predict likelihood potential mate, ally, or rival can incapacitate adversaries.

Language: Английский

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The role of bare parts in avian signaling

Ornithology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 134(3), P. 587 - 611

Published: May 24, 2017

Avian plumage has captivated scientists and the public alike for generations been a fundamental study system research into signal evolution. By contrast, relatively little attention paid to avian bare parts such as exposed skin, bills, feet, combs, despite considerable variation in structure coloration within between species. To better understand potential signaling role of parts, we conducted comprehensive literature search that returned 321 published studies. In reviewing these studies, found (1) bare-part color is widely distributed taxonomically produced by diverse mechanisms; (2) many are likely be dynamic, honest signals current condition or status can also reflect genetic makeup early developmental conditions; (3) function pluripotent social signals, mediating interactions competitors, mates, kin. Differences phenology information content support multiple-messages interpretation their respective roles, may contain complementary to, but distinctive from, conveyed plumage-based signals. We consider it great deal "hidden plain sight," meaningful not recorded urge more careful extensive characterization wider range species because its advance our understanding constraints, with particular reference dynamic evolution multiple ornamentation.

Language: Английский

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Contest competition and men's facial hair: beards may not provide advantages in combat

Evolution and Human Behavior, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 39(2), P. 147 - 153

Published: Nov. 23, 2017

Language: Английский

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