Intensive transmission in wild, migratory birds drove rapid geographic dissemination and repeated spillovers of H5N1 into agriculture in North America DOI Creative Commons
Lambodhar Damodaran, Anna S. Jaeger, Louise H. Moncla

et al.

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 20, 2024

Abstract Since late 2021, a panzootic of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus has driven significant morbidity and mortality in wild birds, domestic poultry, mammals. In North America, infections novel mammalian species suggest the potential for changing ecology establishment new animal reservoirs. Outbreaks among birds have persisted despite aggressive culling, necessitating re-examination how these outbreaks were sparked maintained. To recover viruses introduced disseminated we analyzed 1,818 Hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequences sampled from American mammals November 2021-September 2023 using Bayesian phylodynamic approaches. Using HA, infer that was by ∼8 independent introductions into America via Atlantic Pacific Flyways, followed rapid dissemination westward wild, migratory birds. Transmission primarily Anseriformes, shorebirds, Galliformes, while such as songbirds, raptors, owls mostly acted dead-end hosts. Unlike epizootic 2015, ∼46-113 with some onward transmission. Backyard infected ∼10 days earlier on average than commercial poultry production settings, suggesting they could act “early warning signals” transmission upticks given area. Our findings support an emerging reservoir HPAI continuous surveillance Anseriformes shorebirds crucial outbreak inference. Future prevention agricultural may require investment strategies reduce at bird/agriculture interface, investigation backyard putative early signs.

Language: Английский

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals DOI Creative Commons
Giulia Graziosi, Caterina Lupini, Elena Catelli

et al.

Animals, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(9), P. 1372 - 1372

Published: May 2, 2024

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are highly contagious respiratory of birds, leading to significant morbidity and mortality globally causing substantial economic losses the poultry industry agriculture. Since their first isolation in 2013–2014, Asian-origin H5 pathogenic avian (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4b have undergone unprecedented evolution reassortment internal gene segments. In just a few years, it supplanted other AIV clades, now is widespread wild migratory waterfowl, spreading Asia, Europe, Africa, Americas. Wild natural reservoir LPAIVs generally more resistant disease, also manifested high with HPAIV 2.3.4.4b. This caused overt clinical signs mass variety mammalian species never reported before, such as raptors, seabirds, sealions, foxes, others. Most notably, recent outbreaks dairy cattle were associated emergence critical mutations related adaptation, raising concerns about possibility jumping acquisition sustained human-to-human transmission. The main anatomopathological findings virus infection birds non-human mammals hereby summarized.

Language: Английский

Citations

44
An Update on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus, Clade 2.3.4.4b DOI
Richard J. Webby, Timothy M. Uyeki

The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 230(3), P. 533 - 542

Published: Sept. 15, 2024

Abstract Since the resurgence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b, during 2021, these viruses have spread widely among birds worldwide, causing poultry outbreaks and infections a wide range terrestrial marine mammal species. During 2024, HPAI was detected in dairy cattle for first time caused an ongoing multistate outbreak, with high levels virus documented raw cow milk. Human 2.3.4.4b from exposures to infected or resulted spectrum illness severity, conjunctivitis mild respiratory severe fatal pneumonia different countries. Vigilance, stronger global virologic surveillance birds, poultry, mammals, humans, characterization rapid data sharing, is needed inform threat viruses, as they continue evolve, public health.

Language: Английский

Citations

24
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals DOI Open Access
Giulia Graziosi, Caterina Lupini, Elena Catelli

et al.

Published: April 17, 2024

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are highly contagious respiratory of birds, lead-ing to significant morbidity and mortality globally causing substantial economic losses the poultry industry. Since their first isolation in 2013, Asian-origin H5N1 pathogenic avian (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4b have undergone unprecedented evolution re-assortment internal gene segments spread Asia, Europe, Africa, America, caus-ing outbreaks all categories. Novel epidemiological pathobiological character-istics, distinct from other clades, specific viruses. Wild waterfowl, natu-ral reservoir AIVs, frequently found infected with viruses, which can also cause high these birds. The sustained virus circulation waterfowl has led infection wild bird species, implications for conservation endangered species. Furthermore, been isolated var-ious domestic mammals worldwide, critical mutations related adaptation mammalian species identified, raising concerns about spillover humans. main clinical signs, anatomopathological findings associated birds non-human hereby summarized.

Language: Английский

Citations

8
Genomic characterization of highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses from Alaska during 2022 provides evidence for genotype-specific trends of spatiotemporal and interspecies dissemination DOI Creative Commons
Christina A. Ahlstrom, Mia Kim Torchetti, Julianna B. Lenoch

et al.

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Sept. 17, 2024

The ongoing panzootic of highly pathogenic H5 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza (HPAI) spread to North America in late 2021, with detections HPAI viruses Alaska beginning April 2022. have since across the state, affecting many species wild birds as well domestic poultry and mammals. To better understand dissemination spatiotemporally among hosts adjacent regions, we compared genomes 177 confirmed detected during April-December Results suggest multiple viral introductions into between November 2021 August or September 2022, areas within outside state. Viral genotypes differed their spatiotemporal spread, likely influenced by timing relative population immunity. We found evidence for bird species, poultry, Continued monitoring genomic characterization can improve our understanding evolution dispersal these economically costly ecologically relevant pathogens.

Language: Английский

Citations

5
Avian influenza virus circulation and immunity in a wild urban duck population prior to and during a highly pathogenic H5N1 outbreak DOI Creative Commons
Jordan Wight, Ishraq Rahman, Hannah L. Wallace

et al.

Veterinary Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 55(1)

Published: Nov. 22, 2024

Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses were first detected in St. John’s, Canada late 2021. To investigate the patterns of virus (AIV) infection and immune responses subsequent to arrival H5N1, we sampled wild urban duck population this area for a period 16 months after start outbreak compared these findings those from archived samples. Antibody seroprevalence was relatively stable before (2011–2014) at 27.6% 3.9% anti-AIV (i.e., NP) H5-specific antibodies, respectively. During winter 2022, AIV-NP antibody both reached 100%, signifying population-wide event, which observed again February 2023 following second incursion Eurasia. As expected, population-level immunity waned over time, with ducks seropositive anti-AIV-NP antibodies approximately twice as long seronegative latter six months. We clear relationship increasing levels decreasing viral RNA loads that allowed interpretation course response infected individuals applied two cases resampled infer history. Our study highlights value applying AIV surveillance monitoring provide better understanding dynamics populations, may be crucial global dissemination H5Nx subtypes assess threats they pose domestic animals, humans.

Language: Английский

Citations

5
Avian influenza virus circulation and immunity in a wild urban duck population prior to and during a highly pathogenic H5N1 outbreak DOI Creative Commons
Jordan Wight, Ishraq Rahman, Hannah L. Wallace

et al.

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 23, 2024

Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses were first detected in St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada late 2021, with the virus rapidly spreading across western hemisphere over next year. To investigate patterns of (AIV) infection and immune responses subsequent to arrival H5N1, we sampled wild urban duck population John’s for a period 16 months after start outbreak compared these findings archived samples. Antibody seroprevalence was relatively stable before (2011-2014) at 27.6% 3.9% anti-AIV (i.e., NP) H5-specific antibodies, respectively. During winter 2022, AIV-NP antibody both reached 100%, signifying population-wide event. As expected, population-level immunity waned time, found that ducks seropositive anti- antibodies around twice as long antibodies. The H5 seronegative latter approximately six initial incursion. In February 2023, again result second incursion into Newfoundland from Eurasia, which resulted We observed clear relationship increasing levels decreasing viral RNA loads allowed interpretation course response infected individuals applied two cases resampled infer history. Our study highlights significance applying AIV surveillance monitoring provide better understanding dynamics populations, may be crucial following H5Nx subtypes assess threats they pose domestic animals, humans.

Language: Английский

Citations

3
Genotypic Clustering of H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses in North America Evaluated by Ordination Analysis DOI Creative Commons
Patil Tawidian, Mia Kim Torchetti, Mary Lea Killian

et al.

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(12), P. 1818 - 1818

Published: Nov. 22, 2024

The introduction of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses to North America in late 2021 resulted avian influenza outbreaks poultry, mortality events many wild bird species, and spillovers into mammalian species. Reassortment with American low-pathogenic virus were identified as early February 2022 over 100 genotypes have been characterized. Such diversity increases the complexity time required for monitoring evolution. Here, we performed ordination clustering analyses on sequence data from between January 2020 December 2023 visualize genotypic poultry wildlife populations. Our results reveal that ordination- cluster-based approaches can complement traditional phylogenetic specifically preliminary assignment groups or identify novel genotypes. study expands current knowledge describes a rapid approach genotype assignment.

Language: Английский

Citations

2
Recurring incursions and dissemination of novel Eurasian-origin H5Nx avian influenza viruses in Atlantic Canada DOI Creative Commons
Ishraq Rahman, Cassidy N. G. Erdelyan, Anthony V. Signore

et al.

Virus Evolution, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Abstract Wild birds are important hosts of influenza A viruses (IAVs) and play an role in their ecology. The emergence the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 H5N1 (Gs/GD) lineage marked a shift IAV ecology, leading to recurrent outbreaks mortality wild from 2002 onwards. This has evolved diversified over time, with recent derivative being 2.3.4.4b sub-lineage, which caused significant events bird populations. An clade virus was transmitted into North America Eurasia 2021, first detection Newfoundland Labrador Atlantic Canada, this its reassortants then spread broadly throughout beyond. Following 2021 detection, there have been three additional known incursions Eurasian-origin strains second strain 2022 two H5N5 2023. In study, we document fifth incursion Canada that occurred 2023 by another strain. Quebec, infecting numerous species mammals. Genomic analysis revealed mammalian-adaptive mutations some detected (PB2-E627K PB2-D701N) hemagglutinin (HA) neuraminidase (NA) genes associated enhanced viral fitness avian transmission capabilities. Our findings indicate is continuing circulate wildlife, confirms American entry point for Eurasian IAVs. Continued surveillance genomic IAVs region crucial monitor evolution these assess potential risks wildlife public health.

Language: Английский

Citations

2
Infectivity of Wild-Bird Origin Influenza A Viruses in Minnesota Wetlands across Seasons DOI Creative Commons
Rebecca L. Poulson, Andrew B. Reeves, Christina A. Ahlstrom

et al.

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(5), P. 406 - 406

Published: May 14, 2024

The environmental tenacity of influenza A viruses (IAVs) in the environment likely plays a role their transmission; IAVs are able to remain infectious aquatic habitats and may have capacity seed outbreaks when susceptible wild bird hosts utilize these same environments months or even seasons later. Here, we aimed assess persistence low-pathogenicity from naturally infected ducks Northwestern Minnesota through field experiment. Viral infectivity was measured using replicate samples maintained distilled water laboratory setting as well filtered four natural bodies steel perforated drums (hereafter, mesocosms) within autumn 2020 spring 2021. There limited evidence for extended held mesocosms; 65 initial IAV-positive samples, only six persisted at least 202 days mesocosms compared 17 persisting this long under temperature-controlled settings water. When accounting titer detected higher concentration initiation experiment longer than those with lower starting titer. parallel experimental model used further explore effects type on viral persistence, results supported finding reduced investigation provide that many factors, including temperature physicochemical properties, impact duration settings, extending our understanding potential limitations environmental-based methodologies recover IAVs.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Intensive transmission in wild, migratory birds drove rapid geographic dissemination and repeated spillovers of H5N1 into agriculture in North America DOI Creative Commons
Lambodhar Damodaran, Anna S. Jaeger, Louise H. Moncla

et al.

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 20, 2024

Abstract Since late 2021, a panzootic of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus has driven significant morbidity and mortality in wild birds, domestic poultry, mammals. In North America, infections novel mammalian species suggest the potential for changing ecology establishment new animal reservoirs. Outbreaks among birds have persisted despite aggressive culling, necessitating re-examination how these outbreaks were sparked maintained. To recover viruses introduced disseminated we analyzed 1,818 Hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequences sampled from American mammals November 2021-September 2023 using Bayesian phylodynamic approaches. Using HA, infer that was by ∼8 independent introductions into America via Atlantic Pacific Flyways, followed rapid dissemination westward wild, migratory birds. Transmission primarily Anseriformes, shorebirds, Galliformes, while such as songbirds, raptors, owls mostly acted dead-end hosts. Unlike epizootic 2015, ∼46-113 with some onward transmission. Backyard infected ∼10 days earlier on average than commercial poultry production settings, suggesting they could act “early warning signals” transmission upticks given area. Our findings support an emerging reservoir HPAI continuous surveillance Anseriformes shorebirds crucial outbreak inference. Future prevention agricultural may require investment strategies reduce at bird/agriculture interface, investigation backyard putative early signs.

Language: Английский

Citations

1