Sustainability,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(5), P. 2112 - 2112
Published: March 3, 2024
Nitrogen-rich
wastewater
is
a
major
environmental
issue
that
requires
proper
treatment
before
disposal.
This
comprehensive
overview
covers
biological,
physical,
and
chemical
nitrogen
removal
methods.
Simultaneous
nitrification–denitrification
(SND)
most
effective
in
saline
water
when
utilizing
both
aerobic
anoxic
conditions
with
diverse
microbial
populations
for
removal.
Coupling
anammox
denitrification
could
increase
rates
reduce
energy
demand.
Suspended
growth
bioreactors
effectively
treated
COD/N
ratios
demonstrated
resilience
to
low
C/N
ratios.
Moving
biofilm
exhibit
reduced
mortality
rates,
enhanced
sludge–liquid
separation,
increased
efficiency,
stronger
biological
structures.
SND
studies
show
≥90%
total
efficiency
(%RETN)
setups,
Defluviicoccus,
Nitrosomonas,
Nitrospira
as
the
main
communities,
while
anammox–denitrification
achieved
%RETN
of
77%.
Systems
using
polyvinyl
alcohol/sodium
alginate
medium
showed
≥
75%.
Air-lift
reflux
configurations
exhibited
high
%RENH4,
reducing
costs
minimizing
sludge
formation.
Microwave
pretreatment
high-frequency
electric
fields
be
used
improve
%RENH4.
Adsorption/ion
exchange,
membrane
distillation,
ultrafiltration,
nanofiltration
promise
industrial
treatment.
AOPs
sulfate-based
oxidants
eliminate
compounds
from
wastewater.
Tailoring
proposed
treatments
cost-effective
removal,
optimizing
interactions,
analyzing
techno-economics
emerging
technologies
are
crucial.
