The evolution of extant South American tropical biomes

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 239(2), P. 477 - 493

Published: April 27, 2023

Summary This review explores the evolution of extant South American tropical biomes, focusing on when and why they developed. Tropical vegetation experienced a radical transformation from being dominated by non‐angiosperms at onset Cretaceous to full angiosperm dominance nowadays. biomes do not have equivalents; lowland forests, mainly gymnosperms ferns, lacked closed canopy. condition was radically transformed following massive extinction event Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. The rainforests first developed Cenozoic with multistratified forest, an angiosperm‐dominated canopy, main families tropics including legumes. rainforest diversity has increased during global warming decreased cooling. dry forests emerged least late Eocene, whereas other Neotropical savannas, montane páramo/puna, xerophytic forest are much younger, greatly expanding Neogene, probably Quaternary, expense rainforest.

Language: Английский

---

Evolution of Amazonian biodiversity: A review

Acta Amazonica, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 54(spe1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

ABSTRACT Amazonia (defined herein as the Amazon basin) is home to greatest concentration of biodiversity on Earth, providing unique genetic resources and ecological functions that contribute ecosystem services globally. The lengthy complex evolutionary history this region has produced heterogeneous landscapes riverscapes at multiple scales, altered geographic connections among populations, impacted rates adaptation, speciation, extinction. In turn, ecologically diverse Amazonian biotas promoted further diversification, species coexistence, coevolution, with accumulating over tens millions years. Important events in included: (i) late Cretaceous early Paleogene origin major rainforest plant animal groups; (ii) Eocene-Oligocene global cooling rainforests contracting tropical latitudes separating Atlantic coastal rainforests; (iii) Miocene uplift central northern Andes separated Pacific rainforests, spurred formation mega-wetlands western Amazon, contributed modern transcontinental River; (iv) Neogene Panamanian Isthmus facilitated Great American Biotic Interchange; (v) Pleistocene climate oscillations followed by Pleistocene-Holocene human colonization megafaunal extinctions; (vi) era widespread anthropogenic deforestation, defaunation, transformations regional climates. conservation requires decade-scale investments into documentation monitoring leverage existing scientific capacity, strategic habitat planning allow continuity processes now future.

Language: Английский

---

Comparative Chloroplast Genomics at Low Taxonomic Levels: A Case Study Using Amphilophium (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae)

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: June 19, 2019

Chloroplast (cp) genome organization, gene order, and content have long been considered conserved among land plants. Despite that, the generation of thousands complete plastomes through next-generation sequencing (NGS) has challenged their nature. In this study, we analyze 11 new Amphilophium (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae), a diverse genus Neotropical lianas, that Anemopaegma prostratum. We explored structure assembled performed comparative analyses within other available for Bignoniaceae. The overall orientation is similar in all species studied. Plastomes are not Amphilophium, showing significant differences length (155,262-164,786 bp), number genes duplicated IRs (eight, 18, or 19), location SC/IR boundaries (i.e., LSC/IRa junction between rps19 rpl2 genes, petD, petB). Length reflect expansions contractions LSC regions. plastome A. prostratum 168,172 bp, includes 19 boundary located petB gene. show high nucleotide diversity, with many hypervariable regions, 16 signatures positive selection. Multiple SSRs repeat regions were identified detected terms LSC/IR IR/SSC boundaries, sizes mostly shared taxa belong to same clade. Our results bring insights into evolution at low taxonomic levels.

Language: Английский

---

The Origin and Diversification of the Hyperdiverse Flora in the Chocó Biogeographic Region

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Dec. 6, 2019

Extremely high levels of plant diversity in the American tropics are derived from multiple interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. Studies have focused on macro-evolutionary dynamics Tropical Andes, Amazonia Brazil's Cerrado Atlantic forests during last decade. Yet, other equally important Neotropical biodiversity hotspots been severely neglected. This is particularly true for Chocó region north-western coast South Central America. geologically complex Earth's fifth most biodiverse hotspot, hosting approximately 3% global species. Here, we test Gentry's [1982a] proposal a northern Andean-Central Pleistocene origin Chocoan flora using phylogenetic reconstructions representative orchid lineages tropics. We show that orchids mostly Andean migrants. Contributions distant biogeographical areas also exist but fewer. identify strong floristic connection America, revealed by migrations towards 5 million years. The dated suggest onset flora. Taken together, results support assumption origin, compound assembly hotspot. Strong American-Chocoan affinity may be partly explained accretion to America land mass Caribbean plate. Additional densely sampled phylogenies prominent well represented across Neotropics could enlighten role through time floras hotspots.

Language: Английский

---

The two South American dry diagonals

Frontiers of Biogeography, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(4)

Published: May 27, 2021

South American drylands roughly form two diagonals both termed in the biogeographical literature as "South dry diagonal" (SADD). However, they correspond to different geographical areas. One comprises Caatinga, Cerrado and Chaco domains, thus encompassing areas between northeastern Brazil northwestern Argentina. The other stretches from Patagonia southern Argentina Pacific deserts of northern Chile Peru, also including Monte, Prepuna Puna domains. I them eastern western SADDs, respectively (i.e., eSADD wSADD). In this mini review attempt summarize major climatic features diagonals, their possible origins, patterns within around explore interconnections. is generally more humid than wSADD has pronounced rainfall seasonality, with precipitation concentrated summer, while tends be less seasonal due year-round aridity, little largely occurring winter. origin appears go back middle Miocene, associated global cooling. Biogeographical studies show that these are important structuring distribution south Equator, acting barriers for humid-adapted lineages corridors arid-adapted taxa. Remarkably, appear have few plant animal taxa common, which may explain why biogeographers speaking about one diagonal seem ignore existence other.

Language: Английский

---

Phylogenomic relationships and species identification of the olive genus Olea (Oleaceae)

Journal of Systematics and Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 60(6), P. 1263 - 1280

Published: June 17, 2021

Abstract The olive genus Olea includes c . 30–40 taxa in three subgenera ( , Tetrapilus and Paniculatae ) within the family Oleaceae. Historically, was classified into four groups that were overall well supported by reconstructed phylogenies, despite incomplete sampling of subgenus poor resolution clades. These analyses also showed not monophyletic. Reliable identification species is important for both their conservation utilization this economically genus. In study, we used phylogenomic data from genome skimming to resolve relationships identify molecular markers identification. We assembled complete plastomes, nrDNA 26 individuals representing 13 using next‐generation sequencing added 18 publicly available accessions developed nuclear SNPs infer phylogenetic Large‐scale 138 samples tribe Oleeae polyphyly with caudatilimba sharing most recent common ancestor main clade (subgenus ). interspecific owing a possible rapid radiation. By comparing plastome data, identified ycf1 b psbE‐petL as best ‐specific chloroplast DNA barcodes. Compared universal barcodes, specific barcodes super‐barcode exhibited higher discriminatory power. Our results demonstrated power phylogenomics improve intricate provided new insights allow accurate species.

Language: Английский

---

Orbital variations as a major driver of climate and biome distribution during the greenhouse to icehouse transition

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 7(43)

Published: Oct. 22, 2021

Usually overlooked orbital forcing unlocks persistent mismatch between model and paleobotanical data across the EOT.

Language: Английский

---

Beyond Carbon: The Contributions of South American Tropical Humid and Subhumid Forests to Ecosystem Services

Reviews of Geophysics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 60(4)

Published: Sept. 13, 2022

Abstract Tropical forests are recognized for their role in providing diverse ecosystem services (ESs), with carbon uptake the best recognized. The capacity of tropical to provide ESs is strongly linked enormous biodiversity. However, causal relationships between biodiversity and poorly understood. This may be because often translated into species richness. Here, we argue that focusing on multiple attributes biodiversity—structure, composition, function—will make clearer. In this review, discuss ecological processes behind from humid subhumid South America. Our main goal understand links those three attributes. While supporting regulating relate more closely forest structure function, provisioning composition cultural related sense, (savannas) differ provided by Amazon Forest, although both ecosystems as harboring tremendous Given this, if anthropogenic drivers change promote a shift Forest toward savanna—the savannization hypothesis—the types will change, especially climate services. review emphasizes importance deeply understanding structure, function better provide. Understanding impacts occur through these attributes, it becomes easier anticipate how humans impact ESs.

Language: Английский

---

Neogene History of the Amazonian Flora: A Perspective Based on Geological, Palynological, and Molecular Phylogenetic Data

Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 51(1), P. 419 - 446

Published: May 31, 2023

The Amazon hosts one of the largest and richest rainforests in world, but its origins remain debated. Growing evidence suggests that geodiversity geological history played essential roles shaping Amazonian flora. Here we summarize geo-climatic review paleopalynological records time-calibrated phylogenies to evaluate response plants environmental change. Neogene fossil record major sequential changes plant composition an overall decline diversity. Phylogenies eight clades paint a mixed picture, with diversification most groups best explained by constant speciation rates through time, while others indicate clade-specific increases or decreases correlated climatic cooling increasing Andean elevation. Overall, forest seems represent museum diversity high potential for biological time. To fully understand how got modern biodiversity, further multidisciplinary studies conducted within multimillion-year perspective are needed. ▪The rainforest goes back beginning Cenozoic (66 Ma) was driven climate forces.▪In early (23–13.8 Ma), large wetland developed episodic estuarine conditions vegetation ranging from mangroves terra firme forest.▪In late (13.8–2.6 changed into fluvial landscape less diverse more open forest, although details this transition be resolved.▪These have left imprints on can recovered dated phylogenetic trees.▪Amazonian show distinct responses changes, suggesting Amazonia is both refuge cradle biodiversity.

Language: Английский

---

Evaluating character partitioning and molecular models in plastid phylogenomics at low taxonomic levels: A case study using Amphilophium (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae)

Journal of Systematics and Evolution, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 58(6), P. 1071 - 1089

Published: Feb. 25, 2020

Abstract The accurate analyses of massive amounts data obtained through next‐generation sequencing depend on the selection appropriate evolutionary models. Many plastid phylogenomic studies typically analyze plastome as a single partition, or divided by region, using concatenate “supergene” approach. effects molecular models and character partition strategies plastome‐based phylogenies have generally been evaluated at higher taxonomic levels in green plants. Using from 32 species Amphilophium , genus Neotropical lianas, we explored potential sources topological incongruence with different genome datasets approaches. Specifically, compositional heterogeneity, codon usage bias, positive selection, incomplete lineage sorting systematic error (i.e., recovery well‐supported conflicting topologies). We compared (e.g., non‐coding regions, exons, codon‐aligned translated amino acids) concatenated approaches under site‐heterogeneous site‐homogeneous models, well multispecies coalescent (MSC) methods. found incongruences recovered phylogenetic relationships, which were mainly located short internodes. MSC similar topologies. analysis GC content bias indicated substitution rates AT excess third positions, evidence 3% acid sites. There no significant differences among site biochemical profiles. argue that is important to increase accuracy even when datasets, still primarily used plant phylogenetics.

Language: Английский

---