Big city life: carnivores in urban environments

Journal of Zoology, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 287(1), P. 1 - 23

Published: April 19, 2012

Abstract Cities may represent one of the most challenging environments for carnivorous mammals. For example, cities have a dearth vegetation and other natural resources, coupled with increased habitat fragmentation an abundance roads as well altered climate (e.g. temperature, light, rainfall water runoff). It is therefore intriguing that several carnivore species become established in across globe. Medium‐sized carnivores such red fox, coyote, Eurasian badger raccoon not only survive but also managed to exploit anthropogenic food sources shelter their significant advantage, achieving higher population densities than are found under conditions. In addition, although they live permanently within cities, even large bears, wolves hyaenas derive benefit from living adjacent urbanized areas. this review, we examine history urban adaptation by mammalian carnivores, explore where living, what eat, kills them behavioural consequences We review biology exploring traits body size dietary flexibility. Finally, consider having populations areas, both humans these charismatic conclusion, time massive environmental change globe, continuing encroachment urbanization upon wilderness areas substantially reducing availability habitats many species; therefore, understanding any taxon able adapt anthropogenically disturbed systems must aid us controlling developing suitable conservation measures future species.

Language: Английский

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Hybridization and extinction

Evolutionary Applications, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 9(7), P. 892 - 908

Published: Feb. 5, 2016

Abstract Hybridization may drive rare taxa to extinction through genetic swamping, where the form is replaced by hybrids, or demographic population growth rates are reduced due wasteful production of maladaptive hybrids. Conversely, hybridization rescue viability small, inbred populations. Understanding factors that contribute destructive versus constructive outcomes key managing conservation concerns. Here, we survey literature for studies and identify ecological, evolutionary, critically affect risk hybridization. We find while highly situation dependent, swamping much more frequent than swamping. In addition, human involvement associated with increased high reproductive isolation risk. Although climate change predicted increase hybridization‐induced extinction, little empirical support this prediction. Similarly, theoretical experimental imply be equally probable but our failed claim. conclude halting introduction hybridization‐prone exotics restoring mature diverse habitats resistant hybrid establishment should management priorities.

Language: Английский

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Restoration through reassembly: plant traits and invasion resistance

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2008, Volume and Issue: 23(12), P. 695 - 703

Published: Oct. 25, 2008

Language: Английский

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Lag times and exotic species: The ecology and management of biological invasions in slow-motion1

Ecoscience, Journal Year: 2005, Volume and Issue: 12(3), P. 316 - 329

Published: Jan. 1, 2005

:Time lags can be found throughout the invasion process, including in arrival, establishment, and impacts of invaders. While we often lack information necessary to generate quantitative expectations invader performance, some types are not surprising. For example, populations grow exponentially early phases invasion, this will give rise an inherent lag. More broadly, rates anthropogenic were much slower than what now witnessing, but as vectors have also increased dramatically over time, lag is unexpected. Many other lags, however, appear prolonged, come end with changes or its environment. exotics exist relatively low numbers for decades before exploding, invaders become more aggressive time increase their on native species. Invasion-related critical our efforts manage invaders, they may lead us make inaccurate assessments risks posed by well miss windows action. Recognition phenomenon long sudden dynamics suggests that adopt a strict precautionary principle: should assume any has potential undesirable effects periods seemingly consistent behaviour poor predictors do future.

Language: Английский

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Progress toward understanding the ecological impacts of nonnative species

Ecological Monographs, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 83(3), P. 263 - 282

Published: Feb. 6, 2013

A predictive understanding of the ecological impacts nonnative species has been slow to develop, owing largely an apparent dearth clearly defined hypotheses and lack a broad theoretical framework. The context dependency impact fueled perception that meaningful generalizations are nonexistent. Here, we identified reviewed 19 testable explain temporal spatial variation in impact. Despite poor validation most date, evidence suggests each can at least some situations. Several scope (applying plants animals virtually all contexts) them, intriguingly, link processes colonization Collectively, these highlight importance functional ecology structure, diversity, evolutionary experience recipient community as general determinants impact; thus, they could provide foundation for framework predicting Further substantive progress toward this goal requires explicit consideration within‐taxon across‐taxa per capita effect invaders, analyses complex interactions between invaders their biotic abiotic environments.

Language: Английский

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