Immune checkpoint inhibitors promising role in cancer therapy: clinical evidence and immune-related adverse events

Medical Oncology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 40(8)

Published: July 15, 2023

Language: Английский

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Minding the gut: extending embodied cognition and perception to the gut complex

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17

Published: Jan. 8, 2024

Scientific and philosophical accounts of cognition perception have traditionally focused on the brain external sense organs. The extended view embodied suggests including other parts body in these processes. However, one organ has often been overlooked: gut. Frequently conceptualized as merely a tube for digesting food, there is much more to gut than meets eye. Having its own enteric nervous system, sometimes referred "second brain," also an immune large surface area interacting with microbiota. shown play important role many physiological processes, may arguably do so well cognition. We argue that proposals should take into account "gut complex," which considers nervous, endocrine, immune, microbiota systems tissue mucosal structures. complex interface between bodily tissues "internalized environment" lumen, involved aspects organismic activity beyond food intake. thus extend current embodiment theories suggest inclusive how "mind gut" studying cognitive

Language: Английский

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Toward a Symbiotic Perspective on Public Health: Recognizing the Ambivalence of Microbes in the Anthropocene

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8(5), P. 746 - 746

Published: May 16, 2020

Microbes evolve in complex environments that are often fashioned, part, by human desires. In a global perspective, public health has played major roles structuring how microbes perceived, cultivated, and destroyed. The germ theory of disease cast as enemies the body politic. Antibiotics have altered microbial development providing stringent natural selection on bacterial species, this led to formation antibiotic-resistant strains. Public perspectives such "Precision Health" "One recently been proposed further manage populations. However, neither these take into account symbiotic relationships exist between species bacteria, viruses, their eukaryotic hosts. We propose perspective recognizes evolution through associations (the hologenome theory) lateral gene transfer. This advantage including both pathogenic beneficial interactions humans with well combining outlook model genomic methodologies utilized model. Anthropocene, conditions for interventions, initiatives must recognize (indeed, necessary) hosts interactions.

Language: Английский

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Comparative Thinking in Biology

Published: Jan. 20, 2021

Biologists often study living systems in light of their having evolved, being the products various processes heredity, adaptation, ancestry, and so on. In investigations, then, biologists think comparatively: they situate lineages into models those evolutionary processes, comparing targets with ancestral relatives analogous outcomes. This element characterizes this mode investigation - 'comparative thinking' puts it to work understanding why biological science takes shape does. Importantly, comparative thinking is local: what we can do knowledge a lineage limited by which fits. analysis, Element examines experimental animal cognition, macroevolutionary 'shape life', demonstrating importance both power limitations knowledge.

Language: Английский

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Immunitarianism: defence and sacrifice in the politics of Covid-19

History & Philosophy of the Life Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 43(1)

Published: Feb. 22, 2021

Abstract As witnessed over the last year, immunity emerged as one of most highly debated topics in current Covid-19 pandemic. Countries around globe have been debating whether herd or lockdown is best response, race continues for development and rollout effective vaccines against coronavirus economic costs implementing strict containment measures are weighed public health costs. What became evident all more that precisely what bridges between biological life political climate, be it terms contentious notion immunity, geopolitical struggle vaccines, possible emergence “Covid-elite”, i.e. holders so-called “immunity passports”. Immunity, such, certainly not only a matter science biology alone, but inherently way pandemics themselves often politicised. Drawing on work Roberto Esposito other literature from field biopolitics immunology, this paper provides critical examination concept light recent events, highlighting intersections politics defence sacrifice which animate governments’ immunitary responses to The ends with discussion forms solidarity local initiatives mobilised during pandemic their potential an affirmative form biopolitics. Overall, main aim provide cultural philosophical analysis debates nuanced account biopolitical effects pandemic, paradoxical nature straddles at once negative practices well community beyond state apparatuses.

Language: Английский

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Reuniting philosophy and science to advance cancer research

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 98(5), P. 1668 - 1686

Published: May 8, 2023

Cancers rely on multiple, heterogeneous processes at different scales, pertaining to many biomedical fields. Therefore, understanding cancer is necessarily an interdisciplinary task that requires placing specialised experimental and clinical research into a broader conceptual, theoretical, methodological framework. Without such framework, oncology will collect piecemeal results, with scant dialogue between the scientific communities studying cancer. We argue one important way forward in service of more successful through greater integration applied sciences (experimental clinical) conceptual theoretical approaches, informed by philosophical methods. By illustration, we explore six central themes: (i) role mutations cancer; (ii) clonal evolution cells; (iii) relationship multicellularity; (iv) tumour microenvironment; (v) immune system; (vi) stem cells. In each case, examine open questions literature methodology show benefit synergy for medical

Language: Английский

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Immune Ethics

Published: July 14, 2023

The immune system maintains homeostasis within human organisms and protects them from pathogenic threats. But sometimes it cannot provide this protection on its own, vaccines may be necessary to ensure our health survival. Immune functions can become dysregulated result in autoimmune disease or multi-system damage. Pharmacological genomic interventions activate modulate prevent these outcomes. This Element is an analysis discussion of some the ethical implications interventions. After describing main components innate adaptive immunity how might enhanced, considers potential benefit harm against addiction viruses, immunotherapy for cancer, neuroimmunomodulating agents treat neurodevelopmental neurodegenerative diseases, gene editing enable xenotransplantation infectious disease. concludes with exploration a possible outcome natural competition between humans microbes.

Language: Английский

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The Challenge of Evolution to Religion

Published: Dec. 31, 2019

This Element focuses on three challenges of evolution to religion: teleology, human origins, and the religion itself. First, religious worldviews tend presuppose a teleological understanding origins living things, but scientists mostly understand as non-teleological. Second, scientific accounts do not align in straightforward sense. Third, evolutionary explanations religion, including beliefs practices, may cast doubt their justification. We show how these tensions arise offer potential responses for religion. Individual religions can meet challenges, if some metaphysical assumptions are adapted or abandoned.

Language: Английский

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Stem Cells

Published: May 4, 2021

What is a stem cell? The answer seemingly obvious: cell that also stem, or point of origin, for something else. Upon closer examination, however, this combination ideas leads directly to fundamental questions about biological development. A basic category living thing; 'unit life.' site growth; an active source supports gives rise Both concepts are deeply rooted in thought, with rich and complex histories. idea unites them, but the union neither simple nor straightforward. This book traces origins concept, its use research today, implications experiments, their concrete results, hoped-for clinical advances.

Language: Английский

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Defining Organismality

Biological Theory, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

Abstract The organism is the central entity in biological science. However, consensus with regard to definition of underlying concept lacking. Moreover, several ambiguous life forms exist that challenge current definitions term. Based on a comprehensive analysis available literature, we provide an overview criteria and approaches have been previously used define organismality. In addition, highlight non-paradigmatic entities identify problems organismal units. To address these issues, propose cross-disciplinary list key allow both paradigmatic cases be unequivocally classified. this way, our work not only provides newcomers exciting field, but also enhances communication across disciplines.

Language: Английский

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