The Ecology of Tropical East Asia

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: June 27, 2019

Abstract Tropical East Asia is home to over 1 billion people and faces massive human impacts from its rising population rapid economic growth. It has already lost more than half of forest cover the highest rates deforestation logging in tropics. Hunting trade wildlife products threaten all large many smaller vertebrates. Despite these problems, region still supports an estimated 15–25 per cent global terrestrial biodiversity thus a key focus for conservation. This book therefore deals with plants, animals, ecosystems they inhabit, as well diverse threats their survival options provides background knowledge region’s ecology needed by both specialists non-specialists put own work into broader context. The first edition was describe entire Asian tropics subtropics, southern China western Indonesia, second extended coverage include very similar Northeast India, Bangladesh, Bhutan. third updates contents gives prominence Anthropocene possible conservation responses. accessible style, comprehensive coverage, engaging illustrations make this advanced textbook essential read senior undergraduate graduate-level students studying tropics, authoritative reference professional ecologists, conservationists, interested amateurs worldwide.

Language: Английский

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Cenozoic topography, monsoons and biodiversity conservation within the Tibetan Region: An evolving story

Plant Diversity, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 42(4), P. 229 - 254

Published: July 17, 2020

The biodiversity of the Himalaya, Hengduan Mountains and Tibet, here collectively termed Tibetan Region, is exceptional in a global context. To contextualize understand origins this biotic richness, its conservation value, we examine recent fossil finds review progress understanding orogeny Region. We deep-time monsoons affecting Asia, climate variation over different timescales, establishment environmental niche heterogeneity linked to topographic development. modern were established Eocene, concurrent with formation pronounced relief across High (>4 km) mountains north south what now Plateau bounded Paleogene central lowland (<2.5 hosting moist subtropical vegetation influenced by an intensifying monsoon. In mid Miocene times, before Himalaya reached their current elevation, sediment infilling compressional tectonics raised floor valley above 3000 m, but Tibet was still enough, low host warm temperate angiosperm-dominated woodland. After 15 Ma, cooling, further rise rain shadow cast growing progressively led more open, herb-rich as high plateau formed cool, dry climate. monsoonal Mountains, spatially extensive since Eocene subsequently deeply dissected river incision, Neogene cooling depressed tree line, compressed altitudinal zonation, created strong heterogeneity. This served cradle for then newly-evolving alpine biota favoured diversity within thermophilic at lower elevations. has survived through combination minimal Quaternary glaciation, complex relief-related great antiquity Region argues conservation, importance that demonstrated our insights into long temporal gestation provided archives information written surviving genomes. These data sources are worthy own right, living inventory need ask it want conserve. Is 1) individual taxa intrinsic properties, 2) services functioning ecosystems, or 3) capacity generate future new biodiversity? If 2 3 goal landscape scale required, not just seed banks botanical/zoological gardens.

Language: Английский

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A revision of Xylopia L. (Annonaceae): the species of Madagascar and the Mascarene islands

Adansonia, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 42(1), P. 1 - 1

Published: Feb. 5, 2020

We recognize 30 species of the pantropical genus Xylopia L. from Madagascar and an additional three Mascarene Islands. Of six sections genus, are represented in region: sect. Xylopia, Verdcourtia, Stenoxylopia. All endemic, many microendemics conservation concern. The greatest richness occurs humid forests below 1000 m. Taxonomic review supports hypothesis that dispersed to continental Africa five times. Ten new described: anomala D.M.Johnson & N.A.Murray, sp. nov., X. australis carinata galokothamna lokobensis longirostra marojejyana ravelonarivoi retusa sclerophylla nov. An identification key, technical descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps provided.

Language: Английский

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Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Global Species Diversity of Rhododendron

Molecular Biology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 39(1)

Published: Oct. 27, 2021

Abstract Evolutionary radiation is a widely recognized mode of species diversification, but its underlying mechanisms have not been unambiguously resolved for species-rich cosmopolitan plant genera. In particular, it remains largely unknown how biological and environmental factors jointly driven occurrence in specific regions. Here, we use Rhododendron, the largest genus woody plants Northern Hemisphere, to investigate geographic climatic factors, as well functional traits, worked together trigger evolutionary radiations shape global patterns richness based on solid phylogeny. Using 3,437 orthologous nuclear genes, reconstructed first highly supported dated backbone phylogeny Rhododendron comprising 200 that represent all subgenera, sections, nearly multispecies subsections, found most extant originated by when migrated southward from circumboreal areas tropical/subtropical mountains, showing rapid increases both net diversification rate Miocene. We also geographically uneven led much higher diversity Asia than other continents, which was mainly two variables, is, elevation range annual precipitation, were further strengthened adaptation leaf traits. Our study provides good example integrating phylogenomic ecological analyses deciphering radiations, sheds new light intensification Asian monsoon has large genera Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains.

Language: Английский

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Evolution and biogeography of actinorhizal plants and legumes: A comparison

Journal of Ecology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 109(3), P. 1098 - 1121

Published: Jan. 26, 2021

Abstract The symbiosis between plants and nitrogen‐fixing bacteria is widespread among legumes actinorhizal within the root nodule (NFN) clade. However, there are major differences, as well similarities, in symbioses Frankia those of their associated rhizobia. This review provides an overview NFN symbioses. We outline evolution biogeography compare contrast microsymbionts symbiotic processes. Within clade, a far greater number nodulated exists, compared with plants, have much wider biogeographical distribution. There genetic physiological differences free‐living diazotrophic phylogenetically diverse rhizobia, most strains which unable to fix N 2 ex planta . Actinorhizal nodules modified lateral roots central vascular system, whereas legume stem‐like organs peripheral systems. Most contain symbiosomes, rather than infection threads found cells. Legumes control microsymbionts, Inverted Repeat Lacking Clade impose terminal differentiation on bacteroids. also effective processes for autoregulation nodulation downregulation fixation response high levels soil N. These features legume‐rhizobia led increased efficiencies fixation. Synthesis suggest that these characteristic symbiosis, specifically legumes' flexibility choice microsymbiont partner fixation, factors can explain why majority species Leguminosae retained ability nodulate how this has contributed evolutionary success.

Language: Английский

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Southeast Asian Dipterocarp origin and diversification driven by Africa-India floristic interchange

Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 375(6579), P. 455 - 460

Published: Jan. 27, 2022

The evolution and diversification of ancient megathermal angiosperm lineages with Africa-India origins in Asian tropical forests is poorly understood because the lack reliable fossils. Our palaeobiogeographical analysis pollen fossils from Africa India combined molecular data fossil amber records suggest a tropical-African origin Dipterocarpaceae during mid-Cretaceous its dispersal to Late Maastrichtian Paleocene, leading range expansion aseasonal dipterocarps on Indian Plate. India-Asia collision further facilitated similar climatic zones Southeast Asia, which supports their out-of-India migration. pathway suggested for may provide framework an alternative biogeographic hypothesis several families that are presently widely distributed Asia.

Language: Английский

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The role of paleogeography in Asian monsoon evolution: a review and new insights from climate modelling

Earth-Science Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 243, P. 104464 - 104464

Published: June 12, 2023

Language: Английский

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Multi-spherical interactions and mechanisms of hydrocarbon enrichment in the Southeast Asian archipelagic tectonic system

Science China Earth Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 67(2), P. 566 - 583

Published: Jan. 22, 2024

Language: Английский

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Island geography drives evolution of rattan palms in tropical Asian rainforests

Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 387(6739), P. 1204 - 1209

Published: March 13, 2025

Distributed across two continents and thousands of islands, the Asian tropics are among most species-rich areas on Earth. The origins this diversity, however, remain poorly understood. Here, we reveal classify contributions individual tropical regions to their overall diversity by leveraging species-level phylogenomic data new fossils from palm lineage, rattans relatives (Arecaceae, Calamoideae). Radiators (Borneo) generate distribute incubators (Indochina, New Guinea, Sulawesi) produce in isolation, corridors (Java, Maluku, Sumatra, Thai-Malay Peninsula) connect neighboring regions, accumulators (Australia, India, Palawan, Philippines) acquire generated elsewhere. These contrasting can be explained differences region size elucidating how unique island-dominated geography drives outstanding biodiversity.

Language: Английский

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Evidence of Sundaland’s subsidence requires revisiting its biogeography

Journal of Biogeography, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 47(4), P. 843 - 853

Published: Dec. 17, 2019

Abstract It is widely accepted that sea level changes intermittently inundated the Sunda Shelf throughout Pleistocene, separating Java, Sumatra and Borneo from Malay Peninsula each other. On this basis, dynamics of biodiversity hotspot Sundaland consistently regarded as solely contingent on glacial oscillations, with interglacial highstands creating intermittent dispersal barriers between disjunct landmasses. However, recent findings geomorphology currently submerged shelf suggest it subsided during Pleistocene that, over Late Pliocene Quaternary, was never prior to Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS 11, 400 ka). This would have enabled terrestrial organisms regardless variations until ka hampered movements thereafter, at least periods. Existing phylogeographic data for conform scenario: available divergence time estimates reveal an 8‐ 9‐fold increase in rate vicariance landmasses after ka, corresponding onset episodic flooding shelf. These results highlight how reconsidering paleogeographic setting challenges understanding mechanisms generating Southeast Asian biodiversity.

Language: Английский

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