Abstract
Plastics
have
become
an
integral
component
in
agricultural
production
as
mulch
films,
nets,
storage
bins
and
many
other
applications,
but
their
widespread
use
has
led
to
the
accumulation
of
large
quantities
soils.
Rational
reduction,
collection,
reuse,
innovative
recycling
are
key
measures
curb
plastic
pollution
from
agriculture.
that
cannot
be
collected
after
must
biodegradable
environmentally
benign
manner.
Harmful
additives
replaced
with
safer
alternatives
reduce
toxicity
burdens
included
ongoing
negotiations
surrounding
United
Nations
Treaty.
Although
full
substitution
plastics
is
currently
not
possible
without
increasing
overall
environmental
footprint
jeopardizing
food
security,
smaller
impacts
should
used
endorsed
within
a
clear
socio-economic
framework.
Better
monitoring
reporting,
technical
innovation,
education
training,
social
economic
incentives
imperative
promote
more
sustainable
Environmental Science & Technology Letters,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
10(10), P. 815 - 823
Published: Sept. 1, 2023
N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
(6PPD)
is
a
chemical
added
to
tires
prevent
their
oxidative
degradation.
6PPD
highly
reactive
with
ozone
and
oxygen,
leading
the
formation
of
transformation
products
such
as
quinone
(6PPDQ)
on
tire
surfaces
and,
subsequently,
in
road
wear
particles.
6PPDQ
toxicant
that
has
been
found
roadway
runoff
receiving
water
systems.
Its
presence
municipal
stormwater
led
acute
mortality
coho
salmon
during
migration
urban
creeks
reproduce,
generating
global
interest
studying
its
occurrence
toxicity
environment.
This
review
aims
provide
critical
overview
current
state
knowledge
6PPDQ,
assisting
researchers
policymakers
understanding
potential
impacts
this
emerging
environment
human
health.
As
there
are
many
unanswered
questions
surrounding
further
research
needed.
highlights
importance
including
regulations
for
6PPD,
well
all
synthetic
chemicals
concern.
The Science of The Total Environment,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
927, P. 171153 - 171153
Published: March 7, 2024
About
3
billion
new
tires
are
produced
each
year
and
about
800
million
become
waste
annually.
Global
dependence
upon
from
natural
rubber
petroleum-based
compounds
represents
a
persistent
complex
environmental
problem
with
only
partial
often-times,
ineffective
solutions.
Tire
emissions
may
be
in
the
form
of
whole
tires,
tire
particles,
chemical
compounds,
which
is
transported
through
various
atmospheric,
terrestrial,
aquatic
routes
built
environments.
Production
use
generates
multiple
heavy
metals,
plastics,
PAH's,
other
that
can
toxic
alone
or
as
cocktails.
Used
require
storage
space,
energy
intensive
to
recycle,
generally
have
few
post-wear
uses
not
also
potential
sources
pollutants
(e.g.,
crumb
rubber,
pavements,
burning).
particles
emitted
during
major
component
microplastics
urban
runoff
source
unique
highly
potent
substances.
Thus,
represent
ubiquitous
pollutant
requires
comprehensive
examination
develop
effective
management
remediation.
We
approach
issue
pollution
holistically
by
examining
life
cycle
across
production,
emissions,
recycling,
disposal.
In
this
paper,
we
synthesize
recent
research
data
human
health
risks
associated
use,
disposal
discuss
gaps
our
knowledge
fate
transport,
well
toxicology
leachates.
examine
remediation
approaches
for
addressing
exposure
tires.
consider
three
levels:
their
state,
particulates,
mixture
Finally,
information
understanding
outline
key
questions
improve
ability
manage
remediate
pollution.
Environment International,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
187, P. 108677 - 108677
Published: April 21, 2024
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
(6PPD)
is
commonly
used
in
rubber
compounds
as
antioxidants
to
protect
against
degradation
from
heat,
oxygen,
and
ozone
exposure.
This
practice
extends
the
lifespan
of
products,
including
tires,
by
preventing
cracking,
aging,
deterioration.
However,
environmental
consequences
waste
generated
during
product
use,
particularly
formation
6PPD-quinone
(6PPD-Q)
through
reaction
6PPD
with
ozone,
have
raised
significant
concerns
due
their
detrimental
effects
on
ecosystems.
Extensive
research
has
revealed
widespread
occurrence
its
derivate
6PPD-Q
various
compartments,
air,
water,
soil.
The
emerging
substance
been
shown
pose
acute
mortality
long-term
hazards
aquatic
terrestrial
organisms
at
concentrations
below
environmentally
relevant
levels.
Studies
demonstrated
toxic
a
range
organisms,
zebrafish,
nematodes,
mammals.
These
include
neurobehavioral
changes,
reproductive
dysfunction,
digestive
damage
exposure
pathways.
Mechanistic
insights
suggest
that
mitochondrial
stress,
DNA
adduct
formation,
disruption
lipid
metabolism
contribute
toxicity
induced
6PPD-Q.
Recent
findings
human
samples,
such
blood,
urine,
cerebrospinal
fluid,
underscore
importance
further
public
health
toxicological
implications
these
compounds.
distribution,
fate,
biological
effects,
underlying
mechanisms
environment
highlight
urgent
need
for
additional
understand
address
impacts
Environmental Science & Technology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
57(28), P. 10361 - 10372
Published: July 4, 2023
Amino
accelerators
and
antioxidants
(AAL/Os),
as
well
their
degradation
derivatives,
are
industrial
additives
of
emerging
concern
due
to
massive
production
use
(particularly
in
rubber
tires),
pervasiveness
the
environment,
documented
adverse
effects.
This
study
delineated
inter-regional
variations
road
dust
collected
from
urban/suburb,
agricultural,
forest
areas,
screened
for
less-studied
AAL/O
analogues
with
high-resolution
mass
spectrometry.
1,3-Diphenylguanidine
(DPG;
median
concentration:
121
ng/g)
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
quinone
(6PPD-Q;
9.75
most
abundant
congeners,
constituting
69.7%
41.4%
total
concentrations
AAL/Os
(192
those
AAO
transformation
products
(22.3
ng/g),
respectively.
The
spatial
distribution
across
studied
sites
suggests
evident
human
impacts,
reflected
by
pronounced
urban
signature
vehicle-originated
pollution.
Our
nontargeted
analysis
most-contaminated
identified
16
AAL/O-related
chemicals,
many
which
have
received
little
investigation.
Particularly,
environmental
toxicological
information
remains
extremely
scarce
five
out
10
concerning
compounds
prioritized
terms
dusty
residues
toxicity
including
1,2-diphenyl-3-cyclohexylguanidine
(DPCG),
N,N′′-bis[2-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]guanidine
(BPPG),
N-(4-anilinophenyl)formamide
(PPD-CHO).
Additionally,
dicyclohexylamine
(DChA),
broadly
applied
an
antioxidant
automobile
products,
had
even
greater
level
than
DPG.
Therefore,
future
research
on
health
risks
(eco)toxic
potential
is
high
importance.
Scientific Reports,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
13(1)
Published: Aug. 31, 2023
Abstract
Urban
vegetable
gardens
are
very
often
a
feature
of
cities
that
want
to
offer
their
citizens
more
sustainable
lifestyle
by
producing
own
food
products.
However,
can
have
significant
pollution
levels
(or
hotspots)
due
specific
sources
pollution,
such
as
traffic.
Among
the
various
pollutants,
microplastics
(MPs)
emerging
consensual
concern
awareness
environmental
contamination,
bioaccumulation
potential
and
human
intake,
and,
consequently
unknown
health
impacts.
The
present
study
compared
content
MPs
in
lettuce
plants
cultivated
Lisbon
urban
with
those
rural
area,
well
samples
bought
supermarkets.
Microplastics
were
detected
all
washed
leaves,
mean
ranging
from
6.3
±
6.2
29.4
18.2
MPs/g.
Lettuce
grown
areas
high
traffic
density
showed
higher
levels.
Weak
positive
Spearman’s
rank
correlations
found
between
concentrations
Cu
S
(determined
Particle
Induced
X-Ray
Emission,
PIXE),
suggesting
possible
role
contribution
levels,
both
elements
considered
traffic-source
tracers.
These
results
contribute
shed
light
on
MP
contamination
vegetables
environments,
may
represent
exposure
route
through
dietary
corresponding
70%
increase
annual
intake
lettuces
