A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Technologies, Sustainability, and Open Issues

Batteries, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(1), P. 38 - 38

Published: Jan. 22, 2024

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a widely used energy storage technology as they possess high density and characterized by the reversible intercalation/deintercalation of Li ions between electrodes. The rapid development LIBs has led to increased production efficiency lower costs for manufacturers, resulting in growing demand their application across various industries, particularly different types vehicles. In order meet while minimizing climate-impacting emissions, reuse, recycling, repurposing is critical step toward achieving sustainable battery economy. This paper provides comprehensive review lithium-ion covering topics such current recycling technologies, technological advancements, policy gaps, design strategies, funding pilot projects, strategy recycling. Additionally, this emphasizes challenges associated with developing LIB opportunities arising from these challenges, potential innovation creation more circular environmental implications also evaluated methodologies able provide sustainability analysis selected technology. aims enhance comprehension trade-offs encourage discussion on determining “best” route when targets conflict.

Language: Английский

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Green recycling of spent Li-ion battery cathodes via deep-eutectic solvents

Energy & Environmental Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 17(3), P. 867 - 884

Published: Dec. 26, 2023

This review highlights deep-eutectic solvents for green recycling of spent Li-ion battery cathodes towards future commercialization.

Language: Английский

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Sustainable upcycling of mixed spent cathodes to a high-voltage polyanionic cathode material

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: May 14, 2024

Abstract Sustainable battery recycling is essential for achieving resource conservation and alleviating environmental issues. Many open/closed-loop strategies critical metal or direct recovery aim at a single component, the reuse of mixed cathode materials significant challenge. To address this barrier, here we propose an upcycling strategy spent LiFePO 4 Mn-rich cathodes by structural design transition replacement, which uses green deep eutectic solvent to regenerate high-voltage polyanionic material. This process ensures complete all elements in can be reused. The regenerated LiFe 0.5 Mn PO has increased mean voltage (3.68 V versus Li/Li + ) energy density (559 Wh kg –1 compared with commercial (3.38 524 ). proposed expand gram-grade scale was also applicable recovery, thus closed-loop between next generation materials. Techno-economic analysis shows that potentially high economic benefits, while providing sustainable approach value-added utilization waste

Language: Английский

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Toward Sustainable Lithium Iron Phosphate in Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Regeneration Strategies and Their Challenges

Advanced Functional Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 34(44)

Published: May 20, 2024

Abstract In recent years, the penetration rate of lithium iron phosphate batteries in energy storage field has surged, underscoring pressing need to recycle retired LiFePO 4 (LFP) within framework low carbon and sustainable development. This review first introduces economic benefits regenerating LFP power development history LFP, establish necessity recycling. Then, entire life cycle process failure mechanism are outlined. The focus is on highlighting advantages direct recycling technology for materials. Directly materials a very promising solution. spent (S‐LFP) can not only protect environment save resources, but also directly add atoms vacancies missing repair S‐LFP At same time, simply supplementing simplifies recovery improves benefits. status various methods then reviewed terms regeneration process, principles, advantages, challenges. Additionally, it noted that currently its early stages, there challenges alternative directions

Language: Английский

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High‐Selectivity Recycling of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries Using Recyclable Deep Eutectic Solvents

ChemSusChem, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17(9)

Published: Jan. 10, 2024

The recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) is an environmentally and economically beneficial process. In this study, a method has been developed for recovering LiNi

Language: Английский

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Selective Extraction of Critical Metals from Spent Li‐Ion Battery Cathode: Cation–Anion Coordination and Anti‐Solvent Crystallization

Advanced Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 36(24)

Published: March 4, 2024

Owing to continuing global use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), in particular electric vehicles (EVs), there is a need for sustainable recycling spent LIBs. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are reported as "green solvents" low-cost and recycling. However, the lack understanding coordination mechanisms between DESs transition metals (Ni, Mn Co) Li makes selective separation with similar physicochemical properties practically difficult. Here, it found that have different stable structure anions DES during leaching. Further, based on solubility these structures anti-solvent (acetone), leaching process system designed, which enables high recovery from cathode LiNi

Language: Английский

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Circular economy strategies for mitigating metals shortages in electric vehicle batteries under China's carbon-neutral target

Journal of Environmental Management, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 352, P. 120079 - 120079

Published: Jan. 18, 2024

Language: Английский

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Deep eutectic solvent‐assisted selective extraction of valuable metals from waste lithium‐ion batteries

AIChE Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 70(5)

Published: March 4, 2024

Abstract A novel synergistic extractant consisting of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and tri‐n‐butyl phosphate (TBP) is proposed for selective extraction valuable metals from waste lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The efficiencies Ni 2+ , Co Mn were 99.8%, 99.1%, 95.9%, respectively, high‐purity Li + was enriched in the raffinate after single‐stage extraction. Valuable metal salts, lithium carbonate (92.3 wt%) cobalt oxalate (94.9 wt%), obtained. DES TBP retained its high performance even multiple regeneration cycles. process followed so‐called “cation exchange mechanism” with thermodynamic properties Δ H < 0, G S 0. molecular‐level mechanism demonstrated that dominated by both electrostatic coordination interactions between ions DES/TBP, based on quantum chemical calculations. This study aims to provide new strategy recycling LIBs.

Language: Английский

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Constructing High‐Performance Cobalt‐Based Environmental Catalysts from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Unveiling Overlooked Roles of Copper and Aluminum from Current Collectors

Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 63(32)

Published: May 15, 2024

Abstract Converting spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) cathode materials into environmental catalysts has drawn more and attention. Herein, we fabricated a Co 3 O 4 ‐based catalyst from LiCoO 2 LIBs (Co ‐LIBs) found that the role of Al Cu current collectors on its performance is nonnegligible. The density functional theory calculations confirmed doping and/or upshifts d‐band center Co. A Fenton‐like reaction based peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation was adopted to evaluate activity. Interestingly, strengthened chemisorption for PMS (from −2.615 eV −2.623 eV) shortened Co−O bond length 2.540 Å 2.344 Å) between them, whereas reduced interfacial charge‐transfer resistance 28.347 kΩ 6.689 kΩ) excepting enhancement above characteristics. As expected, degradation activity toward bisphenol ‐LIBs (0.523 min −1 ) superior prepared commercial CoC (0.287 ). Simultaneously, reasons improved were further verified by comparing with doped . This work reveals elements LIBs, which beneficial sustainable utilization LIBs.

Language: Английский

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Properties and perspective of using deep eutectic solvents for hydrometallurgy metal recovery

Minerals Engineering, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 203, P. 108306 - 108306

Published: Aug. 19, 2023

The rapid industrialization and energy transition, as well social pressure is increasing the current needs for metals. This results in an demand, so exploitation of more natural resources. In this scenario, a alternative to minimise lack resource recycling industrial waste by-products, such electrical electronic waste, lithium batteries, solar panels, blast furnace slag, etc. Many articles focus on recovery metals by hydrometallurgical methods are published. Currently, one great scientific challenges minimize environmental impact these methods. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) emerging environmentally friendly from by-products due their greener properties. entailing number publications area. review article collects highlights relevance use solvents metal methods, showing main disadvantages its As as, possibility adjust physico-chemical properties according application.

Language: Английский

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