Assessing the Ecological Risks of Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Current State‐of‐the Science and a Proposed Path Forward

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 40(3), P. 564 - 605

Published: Sept. 17, 2020

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass a large, heterogenous group of chemicals potential concern to human health the environment. Based on information for few relatively well-understood PFAS such as perfluorooctane sulfonate perfluorooctanoate, there is ample basis suspect that at least subset can be considered persistent, bioaccumulative, and/or toxic. However, data suitable determining risks in either prospective or retrospective assessments are lacking majority PFAS. In August 2019, Society Environmental Toxicology Chemistry sponsored workshop focused state-of-the-science supporting risk assessment The present review summarizes discussions concerning ecotoxicology ecological First, we summarize currently available relevant problem formulation/prioritization, exposure, hazard/effects context regulatory activities from around world. We then describe critical gaps uncertainties relative propose approaches address these needs. Recommendations include development more comprehensive monitoring programs support exposure assessment, an emphasis research formulation predictive models bioaccumulation, silico, vitro, vivo methods efficiently assess biological effects potentially sensitive species/endpoints. Addressing needs associated with assessing will require cross-disciplinary employ both conventional new integrated, resource-effective manner. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:564-605. © 2020 Authors. published by Wiley Periodicals LLC behalf SETAC. This article has been contributed US Government employees their work public domain USA.

Language: Английский

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Target and Nontarget Screening of PFAS in Biosolids, Composts, and Other Organic Waste Products for Land Application in France

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 56(10), P. 6056 - 6068

Published: Oct. 20, 2021

Zwitterionic, cationic, and anionic per- polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are increasingly reported in terrestrial aquatic environments, but their inputs to agricultural lands not fully understood. Here, we characterized PFAS 47 organic waste products (OWP) applied fields of France, including historical recent materials. Overall, 160 from 42 classes were detected target screening homologue-based nontarget screening. Target low agriculture-derived wastes such as pig slurry, poultry manure, or dairy cattle manure (median ∑46PFAS: 0.66 μg/kg dry matter). Higher levels urban industrial wastes, paper mill sludge, sewage residual household composts 220 μg/kg). Historical municipal biosolids (1976–1998) dominated by perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamido acetic acid (EtFOSAA), cationic zwitterionic electrochemical fluorination precursors PFOS. Contemporaneous OWP (2009–2017) rather fluorotelomers, which represented on average 55% ∑160PFAS (max: 97%). The fluorotelomer sulfonamidopropyl betaines (X:2 FTSA-PrB, median: 110 μg/kg, max: 1300 μg/kg) the emerging class with highest occurrence prevalence contemporary OWP. They also early 1985. study informs for first time that sludges can be a significant repository PFAS.

Language: Английский

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Global occurrence and probabilistic environmental health hazard assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in groundwater and surface waters

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 816, P. 151535 - 151535

Published: Nov. 9, 2021

Language: Английский

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Target and Nontarget Analysis of Per- and Polyfluoralkyl Substances in Wastewater from Electronics Fabrication Facilities

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 55(4), P. 2346 - 2356

Published: Jan. 26, 2021

The goals of this study were to improve our understanding the types per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) that occur in wastewater from electronics fabrication facilities (fabs) assess relative concentrations PFAS species. We collected samples three fabs United States, analyzed by means high-resolution mass spectrometry, implemented complementary target nontarget analyses. Twelve 25 PFASs quantified at least one sample, five perfluorocarboxylates perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) all samples. PFBS was highest concentration among (8040 ng L–1) we expect its presence is related use photoacid generators during photolithography. sum diluted discharge each fab 623, 394, 376 L–1. Nontarget analysis revealed 41 homologous series comprising 133 homologues. proposed structures for 15 PFASs, six which are reported here first time. Using an approach semiquantification estimated 1490, 78 700, 2170 Our findings essential developing alternative photolithography chemicals or informing implementation advanced treatment technologies fabs.

Language: Английский

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Occurrence, Fate, and Related Health Risks of PFAS in Raw and Produced Drinking Water

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 57(8), P. 3062 - 3074

Published: Feb. 13, 2023

This study investigates human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) via drinking water evaluates health risks. An analytical method for 56 target PFAS, including ultrashort-chain (C2–C3) branched isomers, was developed. The limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.009 0.1 ng/L, except trifluoroacetic-acid perfluoropropanoic-acid with higher LODs 35 0.24 respectively. applied raw produced 18 Dutch locations, groundwater or surface as source, various treatment processes. Ultrashort-chain (300 1100 ng/L) followed by the group perfluoroalkyl-carboxylic-acids (PFCA, ≥C4) (0.4 95.1 were dominant. PFCA perfluoroalkyl-sulfonic-acid (≥C4), precursors, showed significantly levels in water. However, no significant difference found ultrashort indicating need protection. Negative removal PFAS occasionally observed advanced indicates desorption and/or degradation precursors. proportion isomers compared industrial production. Drinking water, a few exceed non-binding provisional guideline values proposed; however, all waters met recent soon-to-be binding drinking-water-directive requirements.

Language: Английский

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PFAS and Precursor Bioaccumulation in Freshwater Recreational Fish: Implications for Fish Advisories

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 56(22), P. 15573 - 15583

Published: Oct. 24, 2022

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse class of fluorinated anthropogenic chemicals that include perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA), which widely used in modern commerce. Many products environmental samples contain abundant precursors can degrade into terminal PFAA associated with adverse health effects. Fish consumption is an important dietary exposure source for PFAS bioaccumulate food webs. However, little known about bioaccumulation precursors. Here, we identify quantify recreational fish species collected from surface waters across New Hampshire, US, using toolbox analytical methods. Targeted analysis paired water tissue suggests many below detection have higher potential than their PFAA. Perfluorobutane sulfonamide (FBSA), short-chain precursor produced by electrochemical fluorination, was detected all analyzed this compound. The total oxidizable assay interpreted Bayesian inference revealed muscle contained additional, high concentration samples. Suspect screening indicated these were three five perfluorinated carbons. advisories primarily being developed perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), but work reinforces the need risk evaluations to consider additional bioaccumulative PFAS, including

Language: Английский

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Total Oxidizable Precursor (TOP) Assay─Best Practices, Capabilities and Limitations for PFAS Site Investigation and Remediation

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10(4), P. 292 - 301

Published: March 9, 2023

The comprehensive characterization of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is necessary for the effective assessment management risk at contaminated sites. While current analytical methods are capable quantitatively measuring a number specific PFASs, they do not provide complete picture thousands PFASs that utilized in commercial products potentially released into environment. These unmeasured include many PFAS precursors, which may be converted related chemicals through oxidation. total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay offers means bridging this gap by oxidizing unknown precursors intermediates converting them stable with established standards. application TOP to samples from PFAS-contaminated sites has generated several new insights, but it also presented various technical challenges laboratories. Despite increased literature studies assay, there critical growing method beyond researchers academia. This article outlines benefits using aqueous site assessments suggests ways address some its limitations.

Language: Английский

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A systematic review for non-targeted analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 960, P. 178240 - 178240

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

This review follows the PRISMA guidelines to provide a systematic of 115 peer reviewed articles that used non-targeted analysis (NTA) methods detect per- and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS). literature highlights significant positive impact NTA in understanding PFAS environment. Within geographical bias exists, with most studies (∼60 %) conducted United States China. Future other regions (such as South America Africa) are needed gain more global understanding. More research is required marine environments atmosphere, current focus mainly on freshwater, groundwater, soil, sediments. The majority measuring environment, rather than commercial products (with exception AFFF). Non-lethal blood sampling has been successful for humans wildlife, but additional biomonitoring exposed cohorts understand health risks biotransformation pathways. mostly use liquid chromatography negative ionisation, which biases towards detection specific PFAS. Despite improvements data reporting quality assurance control (QA/QC) procedures, factors such false rates often overlooked, many workflows remain highly subjective. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) perfluoroalkyl sulfonic (PFSAs) detected classes, identified over 80 % studies, common routine monitoring. However, our >1000 from total 382 different 300 classes found fewer 5 studies. variety present limitations relying solely targeted methods. monitoring programs regulations would benefit considering comprehensive information

Language: Английский

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Isolating the AFFF Signature in Coastal Watersheds Using Oxidizable PFAS Precursors and Unexplained Organofluorine

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 55(6), P. 3686 - 3695

Published: March 5, 2021

Water supplies for millions of U.S. individuals exceed maximum contaminant levels per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Contemporary legacy use aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) is a major contamination source. However, diverse PFAS sources are present within watersheds, making it difficult to isolate their predominant origins. Here we examine source signatures among six adjacent coastal watersheds on Cape Cod, MA, U.S.A. using multivariate clustering techniques. A distinct signature AFFF enriched in precursors with perfluorinated carbons (C6) was identified an source, while others were C4 precursors. Principal component analysis composition impacted showed decline precursor relative stocks corresponding increase terminal perfluoroalkyl sulfonates < C6 but not those ≥ C6. Prior work shows that stocks, all extractable organofluorine (EOF) can be explained by targeted inferred Bayesian inference the total oxidizable assay. Using same techniques first time find only 24%–63% EOF Our thus indicates presence large non-AFFF these watersheds.

Language: Английский

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Reconstructing the Composition of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Contemporary Aqueous Film-Forming Foams

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8(1), P. 59 - 65

Published: Nov. 4, 2020

Hundreds of public water systems across the United States have been contaminated by use aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) during firefighting training activities. Prior work shows AFFF contain hundreds precursors missed standard methods. However, most abundant in remain uncertain, mixture contents are confidential business information, hindering proactive management PFAS exposure risks. Here, we develop apply a novel method (Bayesian inference) for reconstructing fluorinated chain lengths, manufacturing origin, concentrations oxidizable obtained from total precursor (TOP) assay that is generally applicable to all samples. Results show virtually (median 104 ± 19%) extractable organofluorine (EOF) contemporary legacy consists targeted compounds precursors, 90% which 6:2 fluorotelomers products. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, further resolved assign identity 14 major compounds, yielding priority list accounts almost detectable AFFF. This combination methods can accurately attributable any sample with differentiation gross classes identification species.

Language: Английский

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