Current trends and future directions in novel electrochemical innovations for wastewater treatment: A multidimensional critique on financial viability, life cycle sustainability, and circular economical benefits DOI
Shiam Babu Ramesh,

Narasamma Nippatlapalli

Journal of Water Process Engineering, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 74, P. 107799 - 107799

Published: April 29, 2025

Language: Английский

A field guide to flow chemistry for synthetic organic chemists DOI Creative Commons
Luca Capaldo, Zhenghui Wen, Timothy Noël

et al.

Chemical Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(16), P. 4230 - 4247

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

This review explores the benefits of flow chemistry and dispels notion that it is a mysterious “black box”, demonstrating how can push boundaries organic synthesis through understanding its governing principles.

Language: Английский

Citations

199

Overview of Recent Scale-Ups in Organic Electrosynthesis (2000–2023) DOI
Dan Lehnherr, Longrui Chen

Organic Process Research & Development, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 28(2), P. 338 - 366

Published: Jan. 18, 2024

This review summarizes examples of organic electrosynthesis from the peer-reviewed literature 2000 to 2023 that have been conducted on scales 20 g or above. A significant portion these were a ≤100 scale, while detailed reports kilogram-scale remain scarce in pharmaceutical industry. In addition chemical transformation, this also highlights type reactor used and projected productivity metric as ways compare different reports. The selected scale-ups described herein illustrate remaining challenges currently preventing routine use large-scale

Language: Английский

Citations

44

Adoption of Electrochemistry within the Pharmaceutical Industry: Insights from an Industry-Wide Survey DOI
Antonio C. Ferretti, Benjamin Cohen, Lin Deng

et al.

Organic Process Research & Development, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 27, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

3

Deuterodehalogenation Under Net Reductive or Redox‐Neutral Conditions Enabled by Paired Electrolysis DOI Open Access
Devin Wood, Song Lin

Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 62(15)

Published: Feb. 4, 2023

Interest in deuterated active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is increasing as deuteration holds promise for kinetic isotope effect (KIE) regulated fine-tuning of API performance. Moreover, deuterium labeling frequently carried out to study organic and bioorganic reaction mechanisms facilitate complex target synthesis. As such, methods highly selective molecules are desirable. Herein, we present an electrochemical method the deuterodehalogenation benzylic halides via a radical-polar crossover mechanism, using inexpensive oxide (D

Language: Английский

Citations

43

Emerging reaction technologies in pharmaceutical development: Challenges and opportunities in electrochemistry, photochemistry, and biocatalysis DOI
Benjamin Cohen, Dan Lehnherr, Melda Sezen-Edmonds

et al.

Process Safety and Environmental Protection, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 192, P. 622 - 637

Published: March 3, 2023

Language: Английский

Citations

28

Manganese-Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation of Thioethers to Sulfoxides Using Water as the Source of Oxygen Atoms DOI
Md Asmaul Hoque,

Tianxiao Jiang,

Darren L. Poole

et al.

Journal of the American Chemical Society, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 146(31), P. 21960 - 21967

Published: July 23, 2024

Oxygen-atom transfer reactions are a prominent class of synthetic redox that often use high-energy oxygen-atom donor reagents. Electrochemical methods can bypass these reagents by using water as the source oxygen atoms through pathways involving direct or indirect (mediated) electrolysis. Here, manganese porphyrins and related mediators shown to be effective molecular electrocatalysts for selective oxidation thioethers sulfoxides, without overoxidation sulfone. The proceed proton-coupled Mn

Language: Английский

Citations

15

High-Speed Circulation Flow Platform Facilitating Practical Large-Scale Heterogeneous Photocatalysis DOI
Chen‐Guang Liu, Lei Song, Qiong Liu

et al.

Organic Process Research & Development, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 28(5), P. 1964 - 1970

Published: March 13, 2024

Although continuous flow synthesis using microtubing reactors has provided a wealth of opportunities for homogeneous photochemical and proven particularly beneficial in scaling up processes, employing technology to scale heterogeneous photoreactions is challenging due the issues including handling solids, poor light penetration, commonly lengthy reaction time. Here we present solution these by changing mode high-speed circulation mode. The high rate set reactor overcomes solid sedimentation prevent clogging improve mixing efficiency. We successfully conducted 100 g-scale C–N C–S cross-couplings photocatalyst nickel catalyst that significantly outperformed conventional batch reactors. was recycled reused 10 times achieve kilogram-scale without obvious deactivation. Semicontinuous production achieved via automated feeding collection, photopromoted gas/liquid/solid three-phase trifluoromethylation employed. A amount starting material transformed, resulting 43.2% yield trifluridine. Our study suggests with speed will become crucial tool synthetic chemist's toolbox because its simple infrastructure, ease operation automation, significant efficiency improvement compared reactors, scalability, improved safety, tolerance solids.

Language: Английский

Citations

10

Scalable Flow Electrosynthesis of Iminophosphoranes DOI
Dan Lehnherr, Longrui Chen, François Lévesque

et al.

Organic Process Research & Development, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 7, 2025

A scalable electrochemical process to synthesize iminophosphorane ligands is reported. The application of these iminophosphoranes was recently reported in Ni-catalyzed cross-electrophile and C–N cross-couplings. use parallel plate flow reactors enables the synthesis on a multigram scale, with selected examples up 0.6 kg scale. Direct crystallization from end reaction mixture for provides facile isolation processes. This article also details improvements our capabilities across scales, including addressing material compatibility issues, increasing accessible range rates, integration analytical technology tools.

Language: Английский

Citations

2

Scaling-up Electroorganic Synthesis Using a Spinning Electrode Electrochemical Reactor in Batch and Flow Mode DOI Creative Commons
Nikola Petrović,

Bhanwar Kumar Malviya,

C. Oliver Kappe

et al.

Organic Process Research & Development, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 27(11), P. 2072 - 2081

Published: Oct. 11, 2023

Technology for the rapid scale-up of synthetic organic electrochemistry from milligrams to multigrams or multi-100 g quantities is highly desirable. Traditional parallel plate flow electrolysis cells can produce large material, but transfer batch this technology requires reoptimization reaction conditions and fully homogeneous mixtures. Moreover, single-pass processing often difficult accomplish due gas generation low rates typically used in continuous mode. Herein we present a novel reactor design, based on rotating cylinder electrode concept, that enables seamless scale up small experimentation gram even multikilogram per day quantities. The device operate mode, it able easily process slurries without clogging system fouling electrodes. Continuous operation also demonstrated using three reactors series act as stirred electrochemical cascade, providing kilogram productivities single pass.

Language: Английский

Citations

21

Stirring‐Free Scalable Electrosynthesis Enabled by Alternating Current DOI
Evgeniy O. Bortnikov,

Barbara S. Smith,

Dmitriy M. Volochnyuk

et al.

Chemistry - A European Journal, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 29(18)

Published: Jan. 3, 2023

Alternating current (AC) electrolysis is receiving increased interest as a versatile tool for mild and selective electrochemical transformations. This work demonstrates that AC can enable the concept of stirring-free reactor where periodic switch electrode polarity, inherent to AC, provides uniform across whole volume reactor. Such design implies straightforward approach scaling up electrosynthesis. was demonstrated on range transformations performed in three different RVC-packed reactors 50-mmol scale. Redox-neutral, oxidative, reductive processes were successfully implemented using suggested applicable frequency ranges further investigated types reactions. The advantages AC-enabled - such absence stirring maximized surface area electrodes provide possibility its universal application both small-scale screening experimentation large-scale preparative electrosynthesis without significant optimization needed between.

Language: Английский

Citations

20