Chemistry - An Asian Journal,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Nov. 5, 2024
Abstract
Carbon
dots
(CDs)
are
carbon‐based
nanomaterials
that
have
garnered
immense
attention
owing
to
their
exceptional
photophysical
and
optoelectronic
properties.
They
been
employed
extensively
for
biomedical
imaging
phototherapy
due
superb
water
dispersibility,
low
toxicity,
outstanding
biocompatibility,
tissue
permeability.
This
review
summarizes
the
structural
classification
of
CDs,
CDs
according
precursor
sources,
luminescence
mechanism
CDs.
The
modification
in
via
various
doping
routes
is
comprehensively
reviewed,
effect
such
alterations
on
properties,
as
absorbance,
photoluminescence
(PL),
reactive
oxygen
species
generation
ability,
also
highlighted.
strives
summarize
role
cellular
fluorescence
lifetime
metabolism.
Subsequently,
recent
advancements
future
potential
nanotheranostic
agents
discussed.
Herein,
we
discussed
photothermal,
photodynamic,
synergistic
therapy
anticancer,
antiviral,
antibacterial
applications.
overall
summary
highlights
prospects
CD‐based
research
bioimaging
biomedicine.
Journal of Advanced Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Feb. 1, 2024
The
emergence
of
carbon
dots
(CDs)
as
anticancer
agents
had
sparked
a
transformation
in
cancer
research
and
treatment
strategies.
These
fluorescent
CDs,
initially
introduced
the
early
2000
s,
possess
exceptional
biocompatibility,
tunable
fluorescence,
surface
modification
capabilities,
positioning
them
promising
tools
biomedical
applications.
Biomacromolecules,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(2), P. 1191 - 1204
Published: Jan. 5, 2024
This
study
focuses
on
designing
hybrid
theranostic
nanosystems,
utilizing
gadolinium-doped
carbon
nanodots
decorated
with
bioreducible
amphoteric
polyamidoamines
(PAAs).
The
objective
is
to
synergize
the
exceptional
properties
of
(CDs)
siRNA
complexation
capabilities
PAAs.
Linear
copolymeric
polyamidoamines,
based
N,N′-bis(acryloyl)cystamine,
arginine,
and
agmatine,
were
synthesized,
resulting
in
three
distinct
copolymers.
Notably,
sulfur
bridges
within
PAA
repeating
units
confer
pronounced
susceptibility
glutathione-mediated
degradation─a
key
attribute
tumor
microenvironment.
pathway
enables
controlled
stimuli-responsive
release,
theoretically
providing
precise
spatiotemporal
control
over
therapeutic
interventions.
selected
PAA,
conjugated
CDs
using
redox-sensitive
spacer
cystamine,
formed
CDs-Cys-PAA
conjugate
superior
complexing
capacity.
Stable
against
polyanion
exchange,
CDs-Cys-PAA/siRNA
complex
released
presence
GSH.
In
vitro
studies
assessed
cytocompatibility,
internalization,
gene
silencing
efficacy
HeLa,
MCF-7,
16HBE
cell
lines.
Heliyon,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
10(11), P. e32133 - e32133
Published: May 31, 2024
Carbon
dots
(CDs),
as
a
new
kind
of
fluorescent
nanomaterials,
show
great
potential
for
application
in
several
fields
due
to
their
unique
nano-size
effect,
easy
surface
functionalization,
controllable
photoluminescence,
and
excellent
biocompatibility.
Conventional
preparation
methods
CDs
typically
involve
top-down
bottom-up
approaches.
Doping
is
major
step
forward
design
methodology.
Chemical
doping
includes
both
non-metal
metal
doping,
which
an
effective
strategy
modulating
the
fluorescence
properties
improving
photocatalytic
performance
areas.
In
recent
years,
Metal-doped
have
aroused
interest
academics
promising
nano-doping
technique.
This
approach
has
led
improvements
physicochemical
optical
by
altering
electron
density
distribution
bandgap
capacity.
Additionally,
issues
toxicity
utilization
been
addressed
large
extent.
this
review,
we
categorize
metals
into
two
groups:
transition
group
rare-earth
metals,
overview
advances
biomedical
applications
these
categories,
respectively.
Meanwhile,
prospects
challenges
metal-doped
are
reviewed
concluded.
The
aim
paper
break
through
existing
deficiencies
fully
exploit
potential.
I
believe
that
review
will
broaden
insight
synthesis
CDs.
ACS Applied Bio Materials,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
8(2), P. 1493 - 1502
Published: Jan. 31, 2025
Bioimaging
probes
based
on
carbon
dots
(CDs)
can
become
a
useful
replacement
for
existing
commercial
probes,
benefiting
clinical
diagnostics.
While
the
development
of
dual-mode
CD-based
magnetic
resonance
imaging
(MRI),
which
provides
ability
photoluminescence
(PL)
detection
at
same
time,
is
ongoing,
several
challenges
have
to
be
addressed.
First,
most
still
emit
shorter
wavelengths
(blue/green
spectral
range),
harmful
biological
objects
or
very
low
PL
intensity
in
window
tissue
transparency
(red/near-infrared
range).
Second,
relaxation
characteristics
proposed
are
similar
only
slightly
larger
than
those
contrast
agents.
Herein,
we
introduce
probe
allowing
simultaneous
and
MRI
analysis,
CDs
doped
with
gadolinium
ions
(Gd3+)
peak
red
(640
nm),
quantum
yield
up
24%,
high
longitudinal
transverse
relaxivities
reaching
25.76
40.57
L
mmol-1
s-1,
respectively.
Moreover,
Gd-doped
show
good
biocompatibility,
was
studied
H9c2
4T1
cell
lines
viability
above
70%.
The
developed
red-emissive
utilized
as
efficient
nontoxic
measurements
carried
out
simultaneously.
Gadolinium
functionalized
carbon
dot
complexes
(Gd-CDs)
have
both
the
fluorescent
properties
of
dots
and
magnetic
characteristics
gadolinium
ions,
exhibiting
excellent
biocompatibility,
high
spatial
resolution,
sensitivity,
deep
tissue
penetration
in
bioimaging.
As
fluorescence
(FL)
resonance
imaging
(MRI)
probes,
Gd-CDs
attracted
significant
attention
dual-modal
biological
imaging.
This
review
summarizes
recent
advances
Gd-CDs,
focusing
on
their
structure,
optical
properties,
applications
First,
according
to
different
existing
forms
dots,
structures
are
categorized
into
chelation,
electrostatic
interaction,
encapsulation.
Second,
mechanisms
performances
introduced
detail.
The
reported
a
maximum
quantum
yield
69.86%,
with
emission
wavelength
reaching
up
625
nm,
optimum
longitudinal
transverse
relaxivity
rates
35.39
115.6
mM-1
s-1,
respectively,
showing
FL/MRI
capacities.
Subsequently,
progress
cellular
imaging,
vivo
integrated
cancer
diagnosis
therapy
is
reviewed.
Finally,
challenges
issues
faced
by
development
summarized,
providing
new
insights
for
controlled
synthesis
widespread
application
biomedical
field
Nanodiamonds
(NDs)
have
emerged
as
potential
candidates
for
versatile
platforms
in
nanomedicine,
offering
unique
properties
that
enhance
their
utility
drug
delivery,
imaging,
and
therapeutic
applications.
To
improve
biocompatibility
nanomedical
applicability,
NDs
are
coated
with
organic
polymer
chains,
such
poly(ethylene
glycol)
(PEG),
which
well
known
to
prolong
blood-circulating
lifetime
by
reducing
the
surface
adsorption
of
serum
proteins.
Theoretical
simulations
useful
tools
define,
at
atomic
level,
optimal
parameters
guide
presentation
coating
chains
biological
environment
interaction
In
this
work,
we
perform
atomistic
molecular
dynamics
(MD)
several
PEGylated
spherical
ND
models
immersed
a
realistic
physiological
medium.
particular,
evaluate
effect
chain's
terminal
group,
length,
grafting
density,
core
dimension
on
both
structural
PEG
nanoconjugates
aqueous
phase.
Moreover,
investigate
role
played
chemical
nature
material
through
comparative
analysis
titanium
dioxide
(TiO2)
nanoparticle
(NP).
Among
all
evaluated,
find
chain
NP
key
factors
determining
dynamic
behavior
nanosystems
solution,
whereas
group
only
play
marginal
role.
These
can
be
strategically
adjusted
identify
conditions
enhanced
clinical
performance.
Finally,
prove
prevents
aggregation
two
particles.
We
believe
computational
study
will
provide
valuable
insights
experimental
community,
supporting
rational
design
polymer-coated
inorganic
NPs
more
efficient
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
10(7), P. 4269 - 4278
Published: June 25, 2024
This
study
investigates
the
remarkable
attributes
of
sulfur-doped
carbon
nanodots
(CDs)
synthesized
in
high
yield
and
a
narrow
size
distribution
(4.8
nm).
These
CDs
exhibit
notable
features,
including
potential
bioelimination
through
renal
clearance
efficient
photothermal
conversion
near-infrared
region
with
multicolor
photoluminescence
across
visible
spectrum.
Our
research
demonstrates
biocompatibility
effective
(NIR)-triggered
toxicity
when
targeting
mammospheres
patient-derived
tumor
organoids.
Moreover,
delves
into
intricate
cellular
responses
induced
by
CD-mediated
hyperthermia.
involves
mass
death,
activation
p38-mitogen-activated
protein
kinase
(MAPK)
pathway,
upregulation
genes
associated
apoptosis,
hypoxia,
autophagy.
The
interaction
reveals
their
ability
to
penetrate
complex
microenvironment,
impeded
at
4
°C,
indicating
an
energy-dependent
endocytosis
mechanism.
observation
underscores
CDs'
for
targeted
drug
delivery,
particularly
anticancer
therapeutics.
investigation
contributes
understanding
multifunctional
properties
highlights
promising
applications
cancer
Utilizing
3-D
tumor-in-a-dish
patients'
organoids
enhances
translational
potential,
providing
clinically
relevant
platform
assessing
therapeutic
efficacy
context
mirroring
physiological
conditions
cancerous
tissues.
Advanced Science,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: April 25, 2025
Abstract
The
potential
applications
of
rare
earth
elements
(REEs)
in
biomedical
fields
have
been
intensively
investigated.
Numerous
studies
shown
that
doping
biomaterials
with
REEs
can
enhance
their
properties.
Gadolinium
(Gd)
is
a
biocompatible
REE
holds
promise
applications.
This
review
examines
the
use
Gd‐doped
osteogenic,
antimicrobial,
anticancer
applications,
and
bioimaging
bioprobes,
as
reported
literature
until
December
2024.
included
demonstrate
Gd‐containing
promote
osteogenesis,
antimicrobial
properties,
perform
well
bioimaging.
Taken
together,
they
point
to
considerable
thus
avenues
for
future
research.
