Chemical magnetoreception in birds: The radical pair mechanism

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 106(2), P. 353 - 360

Published: Jan. 8, 2009

Migratory birds travel vast distances each year, finding their way by various means, including a remarkable ability to perceive the Earth's magnetic field. Although it has been known for 40 years that possess compass, avian magnetoreception is poorly understood at all levels from primary biophysical detection events, signal transduction pathways and neurophysiology, processing of information in brain. It proposed detector specialized ocular photoreceptor plays host magnetically sensitive photochemical reactions having radical pairs as fleeting intermediates. Here, we present physical chemist's perspective on "radical pair mechanism" compass birds. We outline essential chemical requirements detecting direction an Earth-strength approximately 50 microT field comment likelihood these might be satisfied biologically plausible receptor. Our survey concludes with discussion cryptochrome, photoactive protein put forward magnetoreceptor molecule.

Language: Английский

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DNA damage repair: historical perspectives, mechanistic pathways and clinical translation for targeted cancer therapy

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: July 9, 2021

Abstract Genomic instability is the hallmark of various cancers with increasing accumulation DNA damage. The application radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment typically based on this property cancers. However, adverse effects including normal tissues injury are also accompanied by chemotherapy. Targeted therapy has potential to suppress cells’ damage response through tailoring patients lacking specific functions. Obviously, understanding broader role repair became a basic attractive strategy for targeted therapy, particular, raising novel hypothesis or theory field basis previous scientists’ findings would be important future promising druggable emerging targets. In review, we first illustrate timeline steps roles promotion developed, then summarize mechanisms regarding associated highlighting proteins behind targeting that initiate functioning abnormally duo extrinsic harm environmental factors, also, baseline drift leads harmful intrinsic therapy. addition, clinical therapeutic drugs effects, as well scheme relative trials were intensive discussed. Based background, suggest two hypotheses, namely “environmental gear selection” describe pathway evolution, “DNA drift”, which may play magnified mediating during treatment. This new shed light provide much better more comprehensive holistic view promote development research direction overcoming strategies patients.

Language: Английский

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Structure and Function of Plant Photoreceptors

Annual Review of Plant Biology, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 61(1), P. 21 - 47

Published: May 4, 2010

Signaling photoreceptors use the information contained in absorption of a photon to modulate biological activity plants and wide range organisms. The fundamental-and as yet imperfectly answered-question is, how is this achieved at molecular level? We adopt perspective biophysicists interested light-dependent signal transduction nature three-dimensional structures that underpin signaling. Six classes are known: light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) sensors, xanthopsins, phytochromes, blue-light sensors using flavin adenine dinucleotide (BLUF), cryptochromes, rhodopsins. All water-soluble proteins except rhodopsins, which integral membrane proteins; all based on modular architecture cryptochromes rhodopsins; each displays distinct, chemical process photochemistry their nonprotein chromophore, such isomerization about double bond (xanthopsins, rhodopsins), formation or rupture covalent (LOV sensors), electron transfer (BLUF cryptochromes).

Language: Английский

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Biochemistry and Theory of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer

Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 114(7), P. 3381 - 3465

Published: April 1, 2014

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTBiochemistry and Theory of Proton-Coupled Electron TransferAgostino Migliore*†, Nicholas F. Polizzi‡, Michael J. Therien†, David N. Beratan*†‡§View Author Information†Department Chemistry, ‡Department Biochemistry, §Department Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States*Phone: 919-660-1556. E-mail: [email protected]*Phone: 919-660-1526. protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 7, 3381–3465Publication Date (Web):April 1, 2014Publication History Received19 November 2013Published online1 April 2014Published inissue 9 2014https://doi.org/10.1021/cr4006654Copyright © 2014 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSACS AuthorChoiceArticle Views10346Altmetric-Citations308LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum full text article downloads since 2008 (both PDF HTML) across all institutions individuals. These metrics regularly updated to reflect usage leading up last few days.Citations number other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref daily. Find more information about citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure attention that research has received online. Clicking on donut icon will load page at altmetric.com with additional details score social media presence for given article. how calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation abstractCitation referencesMore Options onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit (14 MB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting SUBJECTS:Free energy,Charge transfer,Proton coupled electron transfer,Wave function,Solvents e-Alerts

Language: Английский

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Formation and Repair of Interstrand Cross-Links in DNA

Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2005, Volume and Issue: 106(2), P. 277 - 301

Published: Dec. 22, 2005

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormation and Repair of Interstrand Cross-Links in DNADavid M. Noll, Tracey McGregor Mason, Paul S. MillerView Author Information Department Biochemistry Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2006, 106, 2, 277–301Publication Date (Web):December 22, 2005Publication History Received26 April 2005Revised11 November 2005Published online22 December inissue 1 February 2006https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr040478bhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr040478bresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2006 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5138Altmetric-Citations400LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum full text article downloads since 2008 (both PDF HTML) across all institutions individuals. These metrics regularly updated to reflect usage leading up last few days.Citations number other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref daily. Find more information about citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure attention that research has received online. Clicking on donut icon will load page at altmetric.com with additional details score social media presence for given article. how calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation abstractCitation referencesMore Options onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Adducts,Genetics,Nucleic acid structure,Peptides proteins,Recombination Get e-Alerts

Language: Английский

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Biomimetic Self‐Healing

Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 54(36), P. 10428 - 10447

Published: July 21, 2015

Self-healing is a natural process common to all living organisms which provides increased longevity and the ability adapt changes in environment. Inspired by this fitness-enhancing functionality, was tuned billions of years evolution, scientists engineers have been incorporating self-healing capabilities into synthetic materials. By mimicking mechanically triggered chemistry as well storage delivery liquid reagents, new materials developed with extended that are capable restoring mechanical integrity additional functions after being damaged. This Review describes fundamental steps field science, combines chemistry, physics, engineering.

Language: Английский

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Cryptochrome Blue Light Photoreceptors Are Activated through Interconversion of Flavin Redox States

Journal of Biological Chemistry, Journal Year: 2007, Volume and Issue: 282(13), P. 9383 - 9391

Published: Jan. 20, 2007

Cryptochromes are blue light-sensing photoreceptors found in plants, animals, and humans. They known to play key roles the regulation of circadian clock development. However, despite striking structural similarities photolyase DNA repair enzymes, cryptochromes do not double-stranded DNA, their mechanism action is unknown. Recently, a light-dependent intramolecular electron transfer excited state flavin was characterized proposed as primary light activation. The resulting formation stable neutral semiquinone intermediate enables photoreceptor absorb green/yellow (500–630 nm) addition vitro. Here, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis cryptochrome activation by can be inhibited green vivo consistent with change cofactor redox state. We further characterize changes cryptochrome1 (cry1) protein living cells, which match photoreduction purified cry1 These experiments were performed using fluorescence absorption/emission EPR on whole cells thereby represent one few examples active being monitored vivo. results indicate via initiates flavosemiquinone signaling converted an inactive form. In summary, reversible novel photoreceptors. This photocycle may have adaptive significance for sensing quality environment multiple organisms. flavin-type many organisms including bacteria, humans (1Banerjee R. Batschauer A. Planta. 2005; 220: 498-502Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar, 2Lin C. Todo T. Genome Biol. 6: 220-229Crossref (274) 3Briggs W.R. Schäfer E. Nagy F. 3rd Ed. Photomorphogenesis Plants Bacteria. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands2006: 171-197Google Scholar). mediate variety responses photomorphogenesis growth plants entrainment animals such Drosophila mouse (4Li Q.-H. Yang H.-Q. Photochem. Photobiol. 2006; (in press)Google 5Van Gelder R.N. J. Rhythms. 2002; 17: 110-120Crossref (32) 6Sancar Chem. 2004; 279: 34079-34082Abstract Full Text PDF (112) common feature marked homology amino acid sequence photolyases instances high between from different species each other (7Sancar Rev. 2003; 103: 2203-2237Crossref (1042) 8Todo Mutat. Res. 1999; 434: 89-97Crossref (153) Like photolyases, bind chromophores, x-ray crystallographic analysis indicates similarity particularly flavin-binding pocket (9Brudler Hitomi K. Daiyasu H. Toh Kucho Ishiura M. Kanehisa Roberts V.A. Trainer Getzoff E.D. Mol. Cell. 11: 59-67Abstract (271) 10Brautigam C.A. Smith B.S. Ma Z. Palnitkar Tomchick D.R. Machius Deisenhofer Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 101: 12142-12147Crossref (247) divided into three subclasses: animal, plant, DASH 3The abbreviations used are: DASH, Drosophila, Arabidopsis, Synechocystis, human; CPD, cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimer; FAD, adenine dinucleotide. (2Lin differ they generally show no activity. Only single-stranded activity vitro shown recently (11Selby C.P. Sancar 17696-17700Crossref Furthermore, contain C-terminal extensions variable sizes, important protein-protein interactions partners. partners include regulatory COP1, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase plays role interact both cry2 (12Wang L.-G. Li J.-M. Zhao H.-Y. Deng X.W. Science. 2001; 294: 154-158Crossref (399) 13Yang H-Q. Tang R.-H. Cashmore A.R. Plant 13: 2573-2587Crossref (304) mouse, components (14Green C.B. Curr. 14: R847-R849Abstract (19) Experiments probing function particular domains receptors suggest conformational permitting interaction downstream (15Yang Wu Y.-J. Liu D. Y. 2000; 815-827Abstract (332) Direct evidence light-induced has been obtained partial proteolysis (16Partch C.L. Clarkson M.W. Ozgur Lee A.L. Biochemistry. 44: 3795-3805Crossref (156) Scholar) Fourier transform infrared techniques (17Kottke Ahmad Heberle 45: 2472-2479Crossref (99) photoreaction cryptochromes, well means whereby signal transduced cascade photoreceptor, remained matter debate (18Partch 81: 1291-1304Crossref (105) Given it reasonable assume photoreactions related. accepted (19Carell Burgdorf L.T. Kundu L.M. Cichon Opin. 5: 491-498Crossref (147) 20Weber Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1707: 1-23Crossref (293) involves fully reduced either dimers (CPD, case CPD photolyases) or 6-4 photoproducts UV-damaged DNA. reaction catalytic, lesion repaired subsequently returns cofactor, restoring flavin. Because this does occur any significant extent most Scholar), cannot involved signaling. repair, capable undergoing another "photoactivation," demonstrated preparations its catalytically active, reduced, (20Weber 21Byrdin Sartora V. Eker A.P. Vos M.H. Aubert Brettel Mathis P. 1655: 64-70Crossref (75) reaction, induces through chain acids (tryptophan tyrosine residues) surface protein, reducing occurs classical type I (to plant closely related) animal more (21Byrdin mostly (22Kavakli I.H. 43: 15103-15110Crossref (73) repair. because Trp residues forming conserved sequences currently, question arisen whether Evidence favoring possibility come number experimental approaches; spectroscopy cry1-dependent hypocotyl inhibition revealed wavelength sensitivity (23Ahmad Grancher N. Heil Black R.C. Giovani B. Galland Lardemer Physiol. 129: 774-785Crossref (172) oxidized (peak absorption at 450 photopigment vivo, rather than flavin, photolyases. showed (24Lin Robertson D.E. Raibekas A.A. Schuman Jornes Dutton P.L. 1995; 269: 968-970Crossref (377) relative stability noted. events subsequent (25Giovani Byrdin Nat. Struct. 10: 489-490Crossref (242) documented. reactions involving light-driven chains rare biological systems, these data provided support functional pathway. Further observation single substitution tryptophan necessary virtual loss (26Zeugner Bouly J.P. Bakrim 280: 19437-19440Abstract (138) Finally, magnetic effects cryptochrome-dependent identified could only result radical pair (27Ahmad Ritz Wiltschko W. 224: 995-1003Crossref (93) course transfer. Therefore, light-mediated leading present work, conclusive demonstrating follows combination physiological, spectroscopic, biophysical techniques. co-irradiation manner long-lived (green-light absorbing) intermediate. Light-dependent then directly insect expressing levels recombinant cry1. Whole cell measure decrease associated following cells. accumulation metastable same expression assay. interconversion forms effect corresponds observed work also represents studies, classic phytochromes (28Smith Nature. 407: 589Google rhodopsins (29Spudich J.L. Bogomolni R.A. 1984; 312: 509-513Crossref (251) where photoreversible determined within Material, Light Treatments, Growth Conditions—Seeds thaliana indicated genotypes (see legends Figs. 1 2) sterilized sown 0.5× MS salts described After 48 h 277 K inbibition, plates transferred white until radicle emergence ensure synchronous germination Plates test conditions, length average least 20 seedlings/test condition. Anthocyanin (30Ahmad Lin 8: 653-658Crossref (179) 30 seedlings time according formula A530–0.25 × A657 extracted pigments. Interference filters generating monochromatic all Schott Industries Corion Co.FIGURE 2Antagonistic rapid responses. Seedlings germinated returned dark additional prior treatments (etiolated seedlings). Hypocotyl lengths irradiations 0.6 0.8 mm. a, degradation 4 μmol m–2s–1 (450 ± 10 nm); bichromatic + (blue m–2s–1, (582 nm)); red 25 (667 nm)). b, wavelengths light. irradiated min (2 m–2s–1) alone simultaneously (±10 m–2s–1. c, fluence dependence degradation. Irradiation (4 3, 10, 60 d, pulse experiment. Etiolated exposed eight cycles 3-min (10 pulses followed pulse) (559 nm, given monochromatically pulse). cblue continuous (48 min). a.u., arbitrary units; D, dark; B, light; G, R, light.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Western Blot Protein Analysis—Protein extraction blot anti-cry2 antibody 31Ahmad Jarillo 1998; 197-208Crossref (142) harvested immediately ground boiled SDS sample loading buffer. Prior running gels, concentration quantified Bio-Rad assay equal wells. load verified after gel membrane, staining blots (Fig. 2, a–c) reprobing anti-DnaK 2d) (32Neumann Emmermann Thierfelder J.M. zur Nieden Clericus Braun H.P. Nover L. Schmitz U.K. 1993; 190: 32-43Crossref (42) Bands scanned photographic images Quantity One imaging software Bio-Rad. All repeated minimum independent trials qualitatively similar results. Cell Fluorescence Emission Experiments—Living Sf21 uninfected controls centrifuged culture medium, resuspended phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4), placed cuvettes 283 measurement spectra. emission 525 nm Varian spectrophotometer over range excitation designated Fig. 3 legend). Excitation and/or spectra always parallel infected (cry1-expressing) cultures identical density. For treatments, samples removed ice. Illumination carried times interference before slide projector provide sufficient intensity. Samples monitor differences five UV-visible Spectroscopy—In difference Uvikon 930 spectrophotometer. taken set blank. Cells ice reference initial point (t0). Difference plotted 11 measurements, independently cultures. established buffer (0.3 m NaCl, 0.05 sodium phosphate 8.0), 20% (v/v) glycerol, 2 mm dithiothreitol) concentrations estimated FAD absorbance (ϵ450 = 1.12 104 m–1cm–1). Optical out 290 treatments. Spectroscopy—X-band cw-EPR recorded pulsed spectrometer (Bruker Elexsys E580) cavity resonator SHQE-4122-W1) helium cryostat (Oxford CF-910). X-band ENDOR accessory E560-DP), rf amplifier (Amplifier Research 250A250A), dielectric-ring EN4118X-MD-4W1) immersed gas flow CF-935). temperature regulated ±0.1 controller ITC-503S). 120 microwave power 3.0 microwatts, 9.38 GHz frequency field modulation amplitude 0.3 millitesla (at 100 kHz frequency). Davies-type spectroscopy, π -T-π /2-τ-π 64 128 ns /2 pulses, respectively, RF 10-μs duration starting μs first used. separations T τ selected 13 500 ns, respectively. To avoid saturation due long relaxation times, entire pattern low repetition 200 Hz. Spectra 345.7 millitorrs 9.71 GHz. N-terminal His-tagged control supplemented 50% glycerol dark. Aliquots quartz tubes (3 inner diameter) illuminated (Halolux 30HL, Streppel, Wermelskirchen-Tente, Germany) 420–470-nm band filter (Schott, Mainz, Germany). frozen rapidly under illumination liquid nitrogen stored therein. Cryptochrome responds primarily UVA/blue near weakly above photosensor 33Lin Gordon 92: 8423-8427Crossref (163) If 25Giovani 26Zeugner (oxidized flavin-containing) should lead efficiently (500–600 It (green light) responsiveness added would (by absorbs weak visible 400–500 mechanism, inhibition, largely investigated conditions plus irradiation. Consistent significantly pronounced (472 co-irradiated (564 intensity 1a). Green irradiation itself resulted little compared grown seedlings, contrast short-term (34Folta K.M. 135: 1407-1416Crossref broad bandwidth phytochrome-deficient phyAphyB mutants, acts antagonistically but cryptochrome-deficient cry1cry2 double mutant Therefore antagonistic requires cry2. Qualitatively (antagonistic anthocyanin accumulation, 1b). nature, canopy enriched (35Franklin K.A. Whitelam G.C. Ann. Bot. (Lond.). 96: 169-175Crossref (392) 36Vandenbussche Pierik Millenaar F.F. Voesenek L.A. van der Straeten 462-468Crossref (198) might significance, increased elongation (decreased inhibition) response shading. 1c), cryptochrome-mediated, suggesting analogy phytochrome-dependent shade avoidance mediated phyB-D-E Blue (31Ahmad 37Lin Guo Mockler Chen 95: 2686-2690Crossref (395) (within minutes) direct accumulate dark, decline (B) 2a). Bichromatic 582 2a, B+G) caused reduction rate seedlings. Red light, absorbed flavosemiquinone, ineffective retarding compare B+R B+G). (531, 540, 567, 591 nm). At 2b). Inhibition occurred 2c). alteration existing pool. separable time, semiqinone compatible 2d). determination difficult technical reasons pigment background. consequently adopted approach (38Galland Toelle 217: 971-982Crossref (17) baculovirus-infected levels. Oxidized detected monitoring fluorimeter. spectrum essentially 3a), although scattering masking pigments presumably causes fine structure solution. When severalfold higher cells; generated large quantities bound cry1protein 3a). fact

Language: Английский

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Blue Light-Dependent Interaction of CRY2 with SPA1 Regulates COP1 activity and Floral Initiation in Arabidopsis

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 21(10), P. 841 - 847

Published: April 24, 2011

Language: Английский

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Cryptochrome 1 interacts with PIF4 to regulate high temperature-mediated hypocotyl elongation in response to blue light

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 113(1), P. 224 - 229

Published: Dec. 22, 2015

Significance Blue light and temperature are two key environmental signals that profoundly affect plant growth development responses, but how these abiotic factors integrate remains largely unknown. This study demonstrates a mechanism of multiple photoreceptors coactions. Arabidopsis blue photoreceptor cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) represses high temperature-induced hypocotyl elongation through PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4). CRY1 physically interacts with PIF4 in light-dependent manner to repress the transcription activity PIF4. Because also plays role ambient temperature, appears be molecular basis cross-talk among red signal pathways.

Language: Английский

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Insect Cryptochromes: Gene Duplication and Loss Define Diverse Ways to Construct Insect Circadian Clocks

Molecular Biology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2007, Volume and Issue: 24(4), P. 948 - 955

Published: Jan. 24, 2007

Cryptochrome (CRY) proteins are components of the central circadian clockwork metazoans. Phylogenetic analyses show at least 2 rounds gene duplication base metazoan radiation, as well several losses, gave rise to cryptochrome (cry) families in insects, a Drosophila-like cry1 family and vertebrate-like cry2 family. Previous studies have shown that insect CRY1 is photosensitive, whereas photo-insensitive CRY2 functions potently inhibit clock-relevant CLOCK:CYCLE-mediated transcription. Here, we extended transcriptional repressive function orders—Hymenoptera (the honeybee Apis mellifera bumblebee Bombus impatiens) Coleoptera red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum). Importantly, bee not light sensitive culture, either degradation protein levels or inhibitory response, suggesting novel input pathways into their clocks do CRY1. By mapping functional data onto cryptochrome/6-4 photolyase tree, find descended from light-sensitive photolyase-like ancestral gene, probably lacking ability repress These provide an evolutionary context for proposing clock mechanisms insects.

Language: Английский

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