Journal of the American Chemical Society,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
137(1), P. 314 - 321
Published: Nov. 26, 2014
The
reduction
of
protons
into
dihydrogen
is
important
because
its
potential
use
in
a
wide
range
energy
applications.
preparation
efficient
and
cheap
catalysts
for
this
reaction
one
the
issues
that
need
to
be
tackled
allow
widespread
hydrogen
as
an
carrier.
In
paper,
we
report
study
amorphous
molybdenum
sulfide
(MoSx)
proton
reducing
electrocatalyst
under
functional
conditions,
using
situ
X-ray
absorption
spectroscopy.
We
probed
local
electronic
structures
both
sulfur
elements
prepared
material
well
precatalytic
catalytic
states.
very
similar
MoS3
remains
unmodified
conditions
(pH
=
2
aqueous
HNO3)
state
(+0.3
V
vs
RHE).
(-0.3
RHE),
film
reduced
form
MoS2
shows
spectroscopic
features
indicate
presence
terminal
disulfide
units.
These
units
are
formed
concomitantly
with
release
hydrogen,
suggest
rate-limiting
step
HER
protonation
these
results
show
implication
chemical
motifs
driven
by
transition-metal
sulfides
provide
insight
their
mechanism.
ChemCatChem,
Journal Year:
2010,
Volume and Issue:
2(7), P. 724 - 761
Published: June 28, 2010
Abstract
Striving
for
new
solar
fuels,
the
water
oxidation
reaction
currently
is
considered
to
be
a
bottleneck,
hampering
progress
in
development
of
applicable
technologies
conversion
light
into
storable
fuels.
This
review
compares
and
unifies
viewpoints
on
from
various
fields
catalysis
research.
The
first
part
deals
with
thermodynamic
efficiency
mechanisms
electrochemical
splitting
by
metal
oxides
electrode
surfaces,
explaining
recent
concept
potential‐determining
step.
Subsequently,
novel
cobalt
oxide‐based
catalysts
heterogeneous
(electro)catalysis
are
discussed.
These
may
share
structural
functional
properties
surface
oxides,
multinuclear
molecular
catalytic
manganese–calcium
complex
photosynthetic
oxidation.
Recent
developments
homogeneous
water‐oxidation
outlined
focus
discovery
mononuclear
ruthenium
(and
non‐ruthenium)
complexes
that
efficiently
mediate
O
2
evolution
water.
Water
photosynthesis
subject
concise
presentation
structure
function
natural
paragon—the
photosystem
II—for
which
ideas
concerning
redox‐potential
leveling,
proton
removal,
OO
bond
formation
last
highlights
common
themes
unifying
concepts.
Accounts of Chemical Research,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
45(5), P. 767 - 776
Published: April 4, 2012
To
convert
the
energy
of
sunlight
into
chemical
energy,
leaf
splits
water
via
photosynthetic
process
to
produce
molecular
oxygen
and
hydrogen,
which
is
in
a
form
separated
protons
electrons.
The
primary
steps
natural
photosynthesis
involve
absorption
its
conversion
spatially
electron–hole
pairs.
holes
this
wireless
current
are
captured
by
evolving
complex
(OEC)
photosystem
II
(PSII)
oxidize
oxygen.
electrons
produced
as
byproduct
OEC
reaction
ferrodoxin
I.
With
aid
ferrodoxin–NADP+
reductase,
they
used
hydrogen
NADPH.
For
synthetic
material
realize
solar
function
leaf,
light-absorbing
must
capture
photon
generate
that
harnessed
catalysts,
drive
four
electron/hole
fuel-forming
water-splitting
under
benign
conditions
1
sun
(100
mW/cm2)
illumination.This
Account
describes
construction
an
artificial
comprising
earth-abundant
elements
interfacing
triple
junction,
amorphous
silicon
photovoltaic
with
hydrogen-
oxygen-evolving
catalysts
made
from
ternary
alloy
(NiMoZn)
cobalt–phosphate
cluster
(Co-OEC),
respectively.
latter
captures
structural
functional
attributes
PSII-OEC.
Similar
PSII-OEC,
Co-OEC
self-assembles
upon
oxidation
metal
ion
2+
3+,
may
operate
at
room
temperature,
self-healing.
also
activates
H2O
proton-coupled
electron
transfer
mechanism
increased
hole
equivalents
akin
S-state
pumping
Kok
cycle
PSII.
X-ray
spectroscopy
studies
have
established
relative
Mn3CaO4–Mn
cubane
where
Co
replaces
Mn
extended
corner-sharing,
head-to-tail
dimer.The
ability
perform
neutral
or
near-neutral
has
several
consequences
for
leaf.
NiMoZn
be
place
Pt
hydrogen.
stabilize
water,
surface
coated
conducting
oxide
onto
deposited.
net
result
immersing
triple-junction
Si
wafer
holding
it
up
can
effect
direct
splitting.
By
constructing
simple,
stand-alone
device
composed
materials,
provides
means
inexpensive
highly
distributed
solar-to-fuels
system
employs
low-cost
systems
engineering
manufacturing.
Through
type
system,
become
viable
supply
those
non-legacy
world.
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
Journal Year:
2010,
Volume and Issue:
132(46), P. 16501 - 16509
Published: Oct. 26, 2010
The
mechanism
of
the
oxygen
evolution
reaction
(OER)
by
catalysts
prepared
electrodepositions
from
Co(2+)
solutions
in
phosphate
electrolytes
(Co-Pi)
was
studied
at
neutral
pH
electrokinetic
and
(18)O
isotope
experiments.
Low-potential
enabled
controlled
preparation
ultrathin
Co-Pi
catalyst
films
(<100
nm)
that
could
be
kinetically
absence
mass
transport
charge
limitations
to
OER.
exhibit
a
Tafel
slope
approximately
equal
2.3
×
RT/F
for
production
water
solutions.
electrochemical
rate
law
exhibits
an
inverse
first
order
dependence
on
proton
activity
zeroth
[Pi]
≥
0.03
M.
In
buffer,
is
increased
∼3-fold
overall
greatly
diminished.
Together,
these
studies
suggest
involving
rapid,
one
electron,
equilibrium
between
Co(III)-OH
Co(IV)-O
which
species
acceptor,
followed
chemical
turnover-limiting
process
oxygen-oxygen
bond
coupling.
Chemical Society Reviews,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
48(7), P. 1908 - 1971
Published: Jan. 1, 2019
Solar
water
splitting
is
a
promising
approach
to
transform
sunlight
into
renewable,
sustainable
and
green
hydrogen
energy.
There
are
three
representative
ways
of
transforming
solar
radiation
molecular
hydrogen,
which
the
photocatalytic
(PC),
photoelectrochemical
(PEC),
photovoltaic-electrolysis
(PV-EC)
routes.
Having
future
perspective
economy
in
mind,
this
review
article
discusses
devices
systems
for
solar-to-hydrogen
production
including
comparison
above
systems.
The
focus
placed
on
critical
assessment
key
components
needed
scale
up
PEC
such
as
materials
efficiency,
cost,
elemental
abundancy,
stability,
fuel
separation,
device
operability,
cell
architecture,
techno-economic
aspects
follows
stepwise
provides
(i)
summary
basic
principles
employed
splitting,
(ii)
an
extensive
discussion
technologies,
procedures,
system
designs,
(iii)
introduction
international
demonstration
projects,
development
benchmarked
large-scale
prototype
task
scaling
laboratory
overall
practical
may
be
called
"an
artificial
photosynthetic
leaf-to-farm
challenge".
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
138(17), P. 5603 - 5614
Published: March 31, 2016
Mixed
Ni–Fe
oxides
are
attractive
anode
catalysts
for
efficient
water
splitting
in
solar
fuels
reactors.
Because
of
conflicting
past
reports,
the
catalytically
active
metal
redox
state
catalyst
has
remained
under
debate.
Here,
we
report
an
operando
quantitative
deconvolution
charge
injected
into
nanostructured
oxyhydroxide
OER
or
reaction
product
molecules.
To
achieve
this,
explore
oxygen
evolution
dynamics
and
individual
faradaic
efficiencies
using
differential
electrochemical
mass
spectrometry
(DEMS).
We
further
use
X-ray
absorption
spectroscopy
(XAS)
conditions
at
Ni
Fe
K-edges
electrocatalysts
to
evaluate
oxidation
states
local
atomic
structure
motifs.
DEMS
XAS
data
consistently
reveal
that
up
75%
centers
increase
their
from
+2
+3,
while
25%
arrive
+4
NiOOH
catalysis.
The
remain
+3
state,
regardless
potential
composition.
For
mixed
Ni100–xFex
catalysts,
where
x
exceeds
9
%,
efficiency
O2
sharply
increases
∼30%
90%,
suggesting
atoms
largely
catalytic
conditions.
reconcile
apparent
low
level
oxidized
hypothesize
a
kinetic
competition
between
(i)
process
(ii)
reduction
step
during
release
may
account
insignificant
accumulation
detectable
high-valent
if
rate
outweighs
(i).
conclude
discussion
superior
activity
Ni–FeOOH
terms
surface
catalysis
redox-inactive
sites
likely
represents
oversimplification
fails
capture
essential
aspects
synergisms
highly
sites.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2010,
Volume and Issue:
107(23), P. 10337 - 10341
Published: May 8, 2010
Thin
catalyst
films
with
electrocatalytic
water
oxidation
properties
similar
to
those
of
a
recently
reported
Co-based
can
be
electrodeposited
from
dilute
Ni(2+)
solutions
in
borate
electrolyte
at
pH
9.2
(B(i)).
The
Ni-B(i)
prepared
precise
thickness
control
and
operate
modest
overpotential
providing
an
alternative
the
Co
for
applications
solar
energy
conversion.
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
Journal Year:
2010,
Volume and Issue:
132(39), P. 13692 - 13701
Published: Sept. 14, 2010
A
water
oxidation
catalyst
generated
via
electrodeposition
from
aqueous
solutions
containing
phosphate
and
Co2+
(Co−Pi)
has
been
studied
by
in
situ
X-ray
absorption
spectroscopy.
Spectra
were
obtained
for
Co−Pi
films
of
two
different
thicknesses
at
an
applied
potential
supporting
catalysis
open
circuit.
Extended
fine
structure
(EXAFS)
spectra
indicate
the
presence
bis-oxo/hydroxo-bridged
Co
subunits
incorporated
into
higher
nuclearity
clusters
Co−Pi.
The
average
cluster
is
greater
a
relatively
thick
film
(∼40−50
nmol
ions/cm2)
deposited
1.25
V
vs
NHE
than
extremely
thin
(∼3
1.1
V.
near
edge
(XANES)
electrochemical
data
support
valency
3
both
samples
when
catalyzing
Upon
switching
to
circuit,
undergoes
continuous
reduction
due
residual
catalysis,
as
indicated
negative
shift
energy.
rate
depends
on
size.
On
basis
structural
parameters
extracted
fits
EXAFS
with
comparisons
oxide
compounds,
model
proposed
wherein
oxo/hydroxo
are
composed
edge-sharing
CoO6
octahedra,
motif
found
cobaltates.
Whereas
cobaltates
contain
extended
planes
molecular
dimensions.