Antarctic Vortex Dehydration in 2023 as a Substantial Removal Pathway for Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Water Vapor

Geophysical Research Letters, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 51(8)

Published: April 20, 2024

Abstract The January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) injected a huge amount (∼150 Tg) water vapor (H 2 O) into the stratosphere, along with small SO . An off‐line 3‐D chemical transport model (CTM) successfully reproduces spread H O through October 2023 as observed by Microwave Limb Sounder. Dehydration in Antarctic polar vortex caused first substantial (∼20 removal HTHH from stratosphere. CTM indicates that this process will dominate for coming years, giving an overall e‐folding timescale 4 years; around 25 Tg is predicted to still remain stratosphere 2030. Following relatively low column ozone midwinter due effects, additional springtime depletion O‐related chemistry was and maximized at edge (10 DU column).

Language: Английский

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The Chemical Effect of Increased Water Vapor From the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Eruption on the Antarctic Ozone Hole

Geophysical Research Letters, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 51(4)

Published: Feb. 11, 2024

Abstract The eruption of the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai volcano on 15 January 2022 was one most explosive eruptions last decades. amount water vapor injected into stratosphere unprecedented in observational record, increasing stratospheric burden by about 10%. Using model runs from ATLAS chemistry and transport Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) satellite observations, we show that while 20%–40% more than usual entrained Antarctic polar vortex 2023 as it formed, direct chemical effect increased ozone depletion June through October minor (less 4 DU). This is because low temperatures vortex, occur every year Antarctic, limit to saturation pressure thus reset any anomalies process dehydration before they can affect loss.

Language: Английский

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Chemistry Contribution to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion After the Unprecedented Water‐Rich Hunga Tonga Eruption

Geophysical Research Letters, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 51(7)

Published: April 1, 2024

Abstract Following the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) eruption in January 2022, stratospheric ozone depletion was observed at Southern Hemisphere mid‐latitudes and over Antarctica during 2022 austral wintertime springtime, respectively. The injected sulfur dioxide unprecedented amounts of water vapor into stratosphere. This work examines chemistry contribution volcanic materials to using chemistry‐climate model simulations with nudged meteorology. Simulated nitrogen oxide (NO x = NO + 2 ) anomalies show good agreement satellite observations. We find that yields up 4% destruction near ∼70 hPa August 20% ∼80 October. Most is attributed internal variability dynamical changes forced by eruption. Both modeling observations a significant reduction associated HTHH aerosol plume, indicating enhanced dinitrogen pentoxide hydrolysis on sulfate aerosol.

Language: Английский

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Evolution of the Climate Forcing During the Two Years After the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Eruption

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 129(14)

Published: July 24, 2024

Abstract We calculate the climate forcing for 2 ys after 15 January 2022, Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (Hunga) eruption. use satellite observations of stratospheric aerosols, trace gases and temperatures to compute tropopause radiative flux changes relative climatology. Overall, net downward decreased compared The water vapor anomaly initially increases infrared flux, but this diminishes as disperses. aerosols cause a solar reduction that dominates change over most yrs period. induced temperature produce decrease in long‐wave flux. ozone short‐wave creating small sub‐tropical increase total from mid‐2022 2023. By end 2023, have disappeared. There is some disagreement measured aerosol optical depth (SAOD) which we view measure uncertainty; however, SAOD uncertainty does not alter our conclusion that, overall, dominate changes.

Language: Английский

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Satellite nadir-viewing geometry affects the magnitude and detectability of long-term trends in stratospheric ozone

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(4), P. 2269 - 2289

Published: Feb. 20, 2025

Abstract. The continued monitoring of the ozone layer and its long-term evolution leans on comparative studies merged satellite records. Comparing such records presents unique challenges due to differences in sampling, coverage, retrieval algorithms between observing platforms, all which complicate detection trends. Here we examine effects broad nadir averaging kernels vertically resolved trends, using one record as an example. We find errors large 1 % per decade displacements trend profile features by much 6 km altitude vertical redistribution information kernels. Furthermore, show that tend increase (by 10 %–80 %, depending location) length needed determine whether estimates are distinguishable from natural variability with good statistical confidence. conclude uncertainties may be underestimated, part because misrepresent decadal multidecadal internal variability, removal known modes observed can yield residual errors. study provides a framework reconcile platforms highlights need for caution when instruments quantify trends their uncertainties.

Language: Английский

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Improving Volcanic SO₂ Cloud Modeling Through Data Fusion and Trajectory Analysis: A Case Study of the 2022 Hunga Tonga Eruption

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 130(4)

Published: Feb. 22, 2025

Abstract The January 2022 eruption of the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai volcano in South Pacific emitted significant sulfur dioxide into atmosphere, forming a large stratospheric cloud. This study employs HYSPLIT model, Lagrangian atmospheric transport and dispersion along with satellite retrievals cloud properties to model long range To reduce uncertainty complexity modeling near‐source behavior umbrella cloud, we utilize data insertion technique that initializes at downwind plume location. Satellite provide estimates column mass loading top height, though height may be uncertain above tropopause. Additionally, vertical distribution must estimated by making assumptions about thickness. We use back trajectory analysis better estimations Our findings reveal trajectory‐derived heights substantially exceeded estimates, 60% ranging between 20 40 km, compared most satellite‐derived being around 15 km. Long 5‐day forecasts produced using revised thickness are retrieved an assumed simple 1 control run initiated from vent start time. A qualitative comparison ground based lidar stationed Réunion Island shows significantly improves forecast.

Language: Английский

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Large Igneous Province Sulfur Emissions Have Long‐Term (>1000 Years) Effects on the Ocean Carbon Cycle

Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(3)

Published: March 1, 2025

Abstract Large Igneous Province (LIP) eruptions are thought to have driven environmental and climate change over wide temporal scales ranging from a few thousands of years. Since the radiative effects atmospheric lifetime carbon dioxide (CO 2 , warming) sulfur (SO cooling) very different, conventional assumption has been analyze CO SO emissions separately add them together afterward. In this study, we test by analyzing joint effect on marine carbonate cycle using biogeochemical box model (Long‐term Ocean‐atmosphere‐Sediment CArbon Reservoir Model). By performing runs with fine resolution (∼0.1‐year timestep), LIP gas timescales an individual eruption (hundreds years) entire long‐term (>100,000 years). We find that, contrary previous work, significant (>1,000 (dissolved inorganic carbon, pH, alkalinity, compensation depth). This is due two processes: strongly temperature‐dependent equilibrium coefficients for chemistry thousand‐year timescale ocean overturning circulation. Thus, volcanic not simply additive impact emissions. develop causal mechanistic framework visualize feedbacks associated combined timescales. Our results provide new perspective understanding complex feedback mechanisms controlling large Earth history.

Language: Английский

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The January 2022 Hunga eruption cooled the southern hemisphere in 2022 and 2023

Communications Earth & Environment, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: March 27, 2025

The 2022 Hunga volcanic eruption injected a significant quantity of water vapor into the stratosphere while releasing only limited sulfur dioxide. It has been proposed that this excess could have contributed to global warming, potentially pushing temperatures beyond 1.5 °C threshold Paris Climate Accord. However, given cooling effects sulfate aerosols and contrasting impacts ozone loss (cooling) versus gain (warming), assessing eruption's net radiative effect is essential. Here, we quantify Hunga-induced perturbations in stratospheric vapor, aerosols, using satellite observations transfer simulations. Our analysis shows these components induce clear-sky instantaneous energy losses at both top atmosphere near tropopause. In 2022, Southern Hemisphere experienced forcing -0.55 ± 0.05 W m⁻² -0.52 By 2023, values decreased -0.26 0.04 -0.25 m⁻², respectively. Employing two-layer balance model, estimate resulted about -0.10 0.02 K by end 2023. Thus, conclude cooled rather than warmed during period.

Language: Английский

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Radiative impact of the Hunga stratospheric volcanic plume: role of aerosols and water vapor over Réunion Island (21° S, 55° E)

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(1), P. 367 - 381

Published: Jan. 13, 2025

Abstract. This study attempts to quantify the radiative impact over Réunion Island (21° S, 55° E) in southern tropical Indian Ocean of aerosols and water vapor (WV) injected into stratosphere by eruption Hunga underwater volcano South Pacific on 15 January 2022 . Ground-based lidar satellite passive instruments are used parameterize a state-of-the-art transfer (RT) model for first 13 months after eruption. The descending rate aerosol volcanic plume is −8 m d−1. At this rate, expected be present until half 2025. overall Earth's radiation budget whole period negative (cooling, −0.82 ± 0.35 W m−2) dominated (∼ 95 %; remaining ∼ 5 % due vapor). surface, main drivers produce −1.04 0.36 impact. Water has hardly any effect at surface. Between short-term (months 2 4 eruption, February–April 2022) mid-term 14 May 2022–February 2023) periods, surface top atmosphere (TOA) reduces 22 25 %, respectively. During period, heating / cooling (H C) profiles show clear vertical difference locally between warming (18 26 km) (22 30 km). resulting profile follows an S-shaped curve with peaks slightly larger moist layer (−0.09 K d−1) than sulfate (+0.06 d−1).

Language: Английский

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Fingerprinting the recovery of Antarctic ozone

Nature, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 5, 2025

Language: Английский

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