Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An Adaptable Pathogen Associated With Multiple Human Diseases

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: May 15, 2018

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), is an extremely successful pathogen that highly adapts to survive within host. During latency phase, M. employs a range effector proteins becloud host immune systems and shapes its lifestyle reside in granuloma, sophisticated organized structure cells established by response persistent infection. While normally being restrained immunocompetent hosts, granulomas could cause recrudescence TB when immunity compromised. Except for causing TB, accumulating evidence suggests also associated with multiple other human diseases such as pulmonary complications, autoimmune metabolic syndromes. Furthermore, it has been recently appreciated infection reciprocally interact microbiome, which strong link balance health conditions. In this review, we highlight adaptive survival provide overview regulatory mechanisms underlying interactions between important diseases. A better understanding how regulates system regulate critical developing rational treatments control help alleviate comorbidities.

Language: Английский

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Formation and Maturation of the Phagosome: A Key Mechanism in Innate Immunity against Intracellular Bacterial Infection

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8(9), P. 1298 - 1298

Published: Aug. 25, 2020

Phagocytosis is an essential mechanism in innate immune defense, and maintaining homeostasis to eliminate apoptotic cells or microbes, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella enterica, Streptococcus pyogenes Legionella pneumophila. After internalizing microbial pathogens via phagocytosis, phagosomes undergo a series of ‘maturation’ steps, form increasingly acidified compartment subsequently fuse with the lysosome develop into phagolysosomes effectively invading pathogens. Through this mechanism, phagocytes, including macrophages, neutrophils dendritic cells, are involved processing antigen presentation T initiate adaptive responses. Therefore, phagocytosis plays role bridge between immunity. However, intracellular bacteria have evolved diverse strategies survive replicate within hosts. In review, we describe sequential stages process. We also discuss evasion used by regulate phagosome maturation during bacterial infection, indicate that these might be for development potential therapeutic infectious diseases.

Language: Английский

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Natural Killer Cells in the Lungs

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: June 25, 2019

The lungs, a special site that is frequently challenged by tumors, pathogens and other environmental insults, are populated large numbers of innate immune cells. Among these, natural killer (NK) cells gaining increasing attention. Recent studies have revealed NK heterogeneous populations consisting distinct subpopulations with diverse characteristics, some which determined their local tissue microenvironment. Most current information about comes from the peripheral blood humans spleen bone marrow mice. However, functions phenotypes lung differ those in tissues. Here, we provide an overview human mouse context homeostasis, pathogenic infections, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cancer, mainly focusing on phenotype, function, frequency, potential role pathogenesis or defense. A comprehensive understanding biology lungs will aid development cell-based immunotherapies for treatment diseases.

Language: Английский

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Human tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: A review on genetic diversity, pathogenesis and omics approaches in host biomarkers discovery

Microbiological Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 246, P. 126674 - 126674

Published: Jan. 29, 2021

Language: Английский

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Mycobacterial EST12 activates a RACK1–NLRP3–gasdermin D pyroptosis–IL-1β immune pathway

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 6(43)

Published: Oct. 23, 2020

EST12/Rv1579c activates a RACK1–NLRP3–GSDMD pyroptosis–IL-1β immune pathway to increase mycobacterial clearance.

Language: Английский

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C-Type Lectin Receptors in Host Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: July 7, 2020

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are present throughout the human body ‒ in tissues, at barrier sites and circulation. They critical for processing external signals to instruct both local systemic responses towards immune tolerance or defense. APCs express an extensive repertoire of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) detect transduce these signals. C-type lectin (CLRs) comprise a subfamily PRRs dedicated sensing glycans, including those expressed by commensal pathogenic bacteria. This review summarizes recent findings on recognition bacteria membrane-expressed CLRs different APC subsets, which discussed according primary site infection. Many CLR-bacterial interactions promote bacterial clearance, whereas other exploited enhance their potential. The discrimination between protective virulence-enhancing is essential understand target with new prophylactic treatment strategies. also densely concentrated dendrites that sample environment across intact sites. suggests -as yet- underappreciated role CLR-mediated microbiota-produced glycans maintaining In addition providing concise overview identified CLR-bacteria interactions, we discuss main challenges potential solutions identification bacteria, in-depth structure-function studies glycan interactions. Finally, highlight necessity more relevant tissue-specific vitro, vivo ex models develop therapeutic applications this area.

Language: Английский

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Immunometabolism of Phagocytes During Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 6

Published: Oct. 14, 2019

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains as a leading killer among infectious diseases worldwide. The nature of the host immune response dictates whether initial Mtb infection is cleared or progresses towards active disease, and ultimately determined intricate host-pathogen interactions that are yet to be fully understood. early mediated innate cells, including macrophages neutrophils can phagocytose mount an antimicrobial response. However, exploit these cells for its survival dissemination. Recently, it has become clear metabolic remodeling interconnected, which highlighted rapid evolution interdisciplinary field immunometabolism. It been proposed net outcome – clearance chronic disease - likely result combined immunologic activities cells. Indeed, activated have strikingly different requirements than naïve/non-infected Macrophages Mtb-derived molecules upon phagocytosis acquire phenotype similar M1 with elevated production pro-inflammatory rely on glycolysis pentose phosphate pathway meet their bioenergetic requirements. In macrophages, oxidative phosphorylation fatty acid oxidation dampened. non-infected/naive, M2-type anti-inflammatory derive energy from oxidation. Similar adaptations also occur in other phagocytes, dendritic infection. This reprogramming during differentially regulate effector functions, such cytokines chemokines, response, all determine Mtb-host within granulomas. this review, we describe key bolstering discuss phagocytes We focused major regulators involved reprogramming, hypoxia-inducible factor-1, mammalian target rapamycin, cellular myelocytomatosis, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptors, sirtuins, arginases, inducible nitric synthase sphingolipids.

Language: Английский

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Evolutionary Parasitology

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 15, 2021

Abstract Parasites are ubiquitous and shape almost every aspect of their hosts, including physiology, behaviour, life histories, the structure microbiota, entire communities. Hence, parasitism is one most potent forces in nature and, without parasites, world would look very different. The book gives an overview over parasite groups diversity defences that hosts have evolved, such as immune systems. Principles evolutionary biology ecology analyse major elements host–parasite interactions, virulence, infection processes, tolerance, resistance, specificity, memory, polymorphisms, within-host dynamics, diseases spaces, many other aspects. Genetics always key these topics. Modelling, furthermore, can predict best strategies for host parasites. Similarly, spread infectious disease epidemiology combines with molecular data genomics. Furthermore, parasites evolved ways to overcome manipulate hosts. Hosts therefore, continuously co-evolve, changes sometimes occurring rapidly, requiring geological times. Many humans emerged from a zoonotic origin, processes governed by basic principles discussed different sections. this integrates fields study phenomena. It summarizes essential topics parasitology will be useful broad audience.

Language: Английский

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Effect of Reactive Oxygen Species on the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria during Intracellular Pathogen Infection of Mammalian Cells

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(6), P. 872 - 872

Published: May 28, 2021

Oxidative stress, particularly reactive oxygen species (ROS), are important for innate immunity against pathogens. ROS directly attack pathogens, regulate and amplify immune signals, induce autophagy activate inflammation. In addition, production of by pathogens affects the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) mitochondria, leading to cell death. However, it is unclear how host defense mechanisms. This review outlines role during intracellular pathogen infection, mechanisms regulation ROS. Finally, interaction between microbial pathogen-induced ER mitochondria described.

Language: Английский

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Nanotherapies for sepsis by regulating inflammatory signals and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: New insight for treating COVID-19

Redox Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 45, P. 102046 - 102046

Published: June 15, 2021

SARS-CoV-2 has caused up to 127 million cases of COVID-19. Approximately 5% COVID-19 patients develop severe illness, and approximately 40% those with illness eventually die, corresponding more than 2.78 people. The pathological characteristics resemble typical sepsis, been identified as viral sepsis. Progress in sepsis research is important for improving the clinical care these patients. Recent advances understanding pathogenesis have led view that an uncontrolled inflammatory response oxidative stress are core factors. However, traditional treatment it difficult achieve a balance between inflammation, pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi), patient tolerance, resulting high mortality In recent years, nanomaterials mediating reactive oxygen nitrogen species (RONS) shown previously unattainable therapeutic effects on Despite advantages, RONS response-based yet be extensively adopted therapy. To best our knowledge, no review discussed application nanomaterials. help bridge this gap, we discuss related inflammation overproduction RONS, which activate pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-pattern recognition receptor (PRR) damage-associated (DAMP)-PRR signaling pathways. We also summarize As highlighted here, strategy could synergistically improve efficacy against both may prolong survival. Current challenges future developments summarized.

Language: Английский

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