Haemocyte‐mediated immunity in insects: Cells, processes and associated components in the fight against pathogens and parasites

Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 164(3), P. 401 - 432

Published: July 7, 2021

Abstract The host defence of insects includes a combination cellular and humoral responses. arm the insect innate immune system mechanisms that are directly mediated by haemocytes (e.g., phagocytosis, nodulation encapsulation). In addition, melanization accompanying coagulation, clot formation wound healing, encapsulation processes leads to cytotoxic redox‐cycling melanin precursors reactive oxygen nitrogen species. However, demarcation between reactions as two distinct categories is not straightforward. This because many factors affect haemocyte functions themselves an important source molecules. There also considerable overlap span from recognition foreign intruders formation. Here, we review these starting with limit haemolymph loss participate in healing advancing critical restricting pathogen movement replication. information it highlights immunity controlled multilayered system, different components which activated pathogens or during stages infection.

Language: Английский

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Modification of SWCNTs with hybrid materials ZnO–Ag and ZnO–Au for enhancing bactericidal activity of phagocytic cells against Escherichia coli through NOX2 pathway

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Oct. 13, 2022

Abstract Zinc oxide-silver (ZnO–Ag), and zinc oxide-gold (ZnO–Au) nano-composites were prepared through wet chemical process laced into single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to yield ZnO–Ag-SWCNTs, ZnO–Au-SWCNTs hybrids. These nano-composite-laced SWCNTs hybrids characterized using Raman spectroscopic, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission (TEM) analyses. The evaluated for their effects on phagocytic cells bactericidal activity against the gram-negative bacteria E. coli. Their cell activities intracellular killing actions found be significantly increased, as ZnO–Ag-SWCNTs nano-hybrids induced widespread clearance of Escherichia An increase in production reactive oxygen species (ROS) also led upregulated phagocytosis, which was determined mechanistically involve phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX2) pathway. findings emphasized roles ZnO–Ag- ZnO–Au-decorated prevention bacterial infection by inhibiting biofilm formation, showing potential utilized catheter coatings clinic.

Language: Английский

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Immunomodulatory biomaterials against bacterial infections: Progress, challenges, and future perspectives

The Innovation, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 4(6), P. 100503 - 100503

Published: Aug. 29, 2023

•Insights into the intricate facets of immune microenvironment hold key to pioneering clinical strategies in combatting bacterial infections.•The design principles for antimicrobial biomaterials vary depending on at different stages infection.•Immunomodulatory display robust efficacy and vaccine attributes animals trials, promising intractable infections. Bacterial infectious diseases are one leading causes death worldwide. Even with use multiple antibiotic treatment strategies, 4.95 million people died from drug-resistant infections 2019. By 2050, number deaths will reach 10 annually. The increasing mortality may be partly due heterogeneity infection microenvironment, such as bacteria, biofilms, persister cells, intracellular small colony variants. In addition, complexity makes direct activity unsatisfactory long-term chronic attributed failing modulate active action cells. Therefore, there is an urgent need effective alternatives treat Accordingly, development immunomodulatory has recently received considerable interest; however, a comprehensive review their research progress lacking. this review, we focus mainly future perspectives used infection. First, describe characteristics acute phases Then, highlight corresponding advantages disadvantages. Moreover, discuss biomaterial-mediated vaccines' potential applications challenges activating innate adaptive memory. This serve reference studies develop next-generation accelerate translation practice.

Language: Английский

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Exploring breast tissue microbial composition and the association with breast cancer risk factors

Breast Cancer Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 25(1)

Published: July 10, 2023

Abstract Background Microbial dysbiosis has emerged as an important element in the development and progression of various cancers, including breast cancer. However, microbial composition from healthy individuals, even relative to risk developing cancer, remains unclear. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis microbiota normal tissue, which was analyzed relation tumor adjacent tissue. Methods The study cohorts included 403 cancer-free women (who donated tissue cores) 76 cancer patients and/or samples). Microbiome profiling obtained by sequencing nine hypervariable regions 16S rRNA gene (V1V2, V2V3, V3V4, V4V5, V5V7, V7V9). Transcriptome also on 190 samples. Breast score assessed using Tyrer-Cuzick model. Results V1V2 amplicon resulted more suitable for microbiome identified Lactobacillaceae ( Firmicutes phylum), Acetobacterraceae , Xanthomonadaceae (both Proteobacteria phylum) most abundant families breast. Ralstonia both tumors histologically tissues malignant tumors. We conducted correlation between known factors. Abundances bacterial taxa Acetotobacter aceti Lactobacillus vini, paracase i, Xanthonomas sp. were associated with age p < 0.0001), racial background parity 0.0001). Finally, transcriptome showed enrichment metabolism- immune-related genes vini paracasei whereas presence linked dysregulation involved carbohydrate metabolic pathway. Conclusions This defines features thus providing basis understand cancer-related dysbiosis. Moreover, findings reveal that lifestyle factors can significantly affect composition.

Language: Английский

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Myeloperoxidase-mimetic nanozyme generates hypochlorous acid for phagosomal bacteria elimination

Nano Today, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 54, P. 102137 - 102137

Published: Jan. 5, 2024

Fighting against intracellular bacteria that can evade antibiotics is a long-standing challenge. Inspired by the abundant production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) within phagosomes during phagocytosis bacteria, we have devised myeloperoxidase-like nanozyme capable facilitating phagosomal reactive oxygen species (ROS) environment, while simultaneously enabling delivery antibiotics. These novel nanozymes, denoted as GEN-NPs, has been fabricated through conjugation gentamicin (GEN) onto ultrasmall vanadium oxide nanoparticles (NPs). Our results demonstrate GEN-NPs exhibit superior efficiency in eradicating both and extracellular surpassing free GEN or NPs alone. This enhanced bactericidal activity be attributed to targeting ability synergistic effect which catalyze conversion H2O2 into bactericide hypochlorous acid (HClO) ROS phagosomes. Moreover, therapeutic outcomes observed across multiple infection models, outperforming combined NPs. study posits presents versatile platform for development next-generation therapeutics bacteria.

Language: Английский

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Carbon Dot-Loaded Apoptotic Vesicles Improve the Liver Kupffer Cell-Mediated Antibacterial Effect to Synergistically Alleviate Sepsis

ACS Nano, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 18(26), P. 16726 - 16742

Published: June 18, 2024

Sepsis is a lethal systemic inflammatory disease against infection that lacks effective therapeutic approaches. Liver resident macrophage Kupffer cell (KC)-initiated bacterial clearance crucial for the host to defend infection. However, it remains unclear whether this process also governs antibacterial therapy of sepsis would be used improve outcomes. Here, we found copper-doped carbon dots (Cu-CDs) exhibited superior capabilities in vitro but displayed limited effects septic mice due their ability target liver and restore KC antimicrobial capacity. Thus, developed composite nanodrug dot-loaded apoVs (CC-apoVs) combined Cu-CDs targeting features apoV. Moreover, intravenous injection CC-apoVs markedly alleviated decreased mortality compared Cu-CD apoV infusion alone. Mechanistically, CC-apoV rescued impaired KCs during enhanced capture kill bloodborne bacteria. In addition, apoV-promoted killing bacteria could blocked by inhibition small GTPase Rab5. This study reveals KC-targeted strategy provides defense amplify effect nanodrug.

Language: Английский

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Effects of hypoxia on the heart of the juvenile four-finger threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) based on physiological indicators and transcriptome analysis

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Feb. 5, 2025

This study evaluated the effects of hypoxia on heart juvenile four-finger threadfin ( Eleutheronema tetradactylum ) through physiological and transcriptome analysis. Juveniles with an average weight 122.82 g length 24.60 cm were used. Hypoxia significantly increased serum myocardial enzyme activities, including creatine kinase (CK), kinase-MB isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), α-hydroxybutyrate (HDBH). These indicators initially rose then declined, reflecting cardiac stress suggesting their potential as early biomarkers for real-time aquaculture monitoring. Histological analysis revealed structural damage in fibers under hypoxia, increasing severity over time. underscores need to minimize oxygen fluctuations prevent tissue degeneration. Transcriptome identified upregulated genes involved cell communication, immune responses, intracellular signaling, offering targets breeding hypoxia-tolerant species. Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes Genomes pathway enrichment highlighted key pathways such mitogen-activated protein (MAPK), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), endocytosis, phagosome formation. The MAPK plays a critical role cellular survival, proliferation, apoptosis. Hypoxia-induced activation MAPKs like ERK, JNK, p38 regulates stress-responsive genes. HIF-1 signaling homeostasis, HIF-1α stabilizing hypoxia-responsive VEGFA, which promotes vascular remodeling enhances delivery. findings collectively offer practical applications enhancing management, monitoring biochemical markers, adopting breeding, adjusting environmental conditions mitigate stress, ensuring better productivity sustainability. research provides foundation further studies molecular mechanisms

Language: Английский

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Effect of Nanoparticle Weight on the Cellular Uptake and Drug Delivery Potential of PLGA Nanoparticles

ACS Omega, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(30), P. 27146 - 27155

Published: July 19, 2023

Biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) stand out as a key tool for improving drug bioavailability, reducing the inherent toxicity, targeting intended site. Most importantly, ease of polymer synthesis its derivatization to add functional properties makes them potentially ideal fulfill requirements therapeutic applications. Among many polymers, US FDA-approved poly(l-lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) is widely used biodegradable co-polymer in delivery implantable biomaterials. While studies have been conducted using PLGA NPs system, less attention has given understanding effect NP weight on cellular behaviors such uptake. Here we discuss with varying weights their colloidal biological properties. Following nanoprecipitation, synthesized sizes ranging from 60 100 nm by initial feed system. These were found be stable prolonged period conditions. We further studied uptake that these are cytocompatible; however, they differentially uptaken cancer immune cells, which greatly influenced NPs' weight. The potential was assessed doxorubicin (DOX) model drug, loaded into core at concentration 7.0 ± 0.5 wt % study effects. results showed both treatment time crucial factors exhibiting effects, observed DOX-NPs higher potency lower concentrations. observations revealed exhibited DOX compared free-DOX group. This will allow us reduce recommended dose achieve desired effect, otherwise required large when treated free DOX. Considering significance PLGA-based nanoparticle systems, anticipate this contribute establishment design considerations guidelines applications nanoparticles.

Language: Английский

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Effects of cadmium exposure on metabolism, antioxidant defense, immune function, and the hepatopancreas transcriptome of Cipangopaludina cathayensis

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 264, P. 115416 - 115416

Published: Aug. 28, 2023

Cadmium (Cd) is a common contaminant in aquatic environments. However, little known about the mechanisms underlying Cd toxicity freshwater snail Cipangopaludina cathayensis (Heude, 1890). This study to investigate toxic effects of on standard metabolism, antioxidant activities, immune function, and hepatopancreas transcriptome profiles C. cathayensis. was exposed 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg/L for 3 h, with results showing that significantly inhibited oxygen consumption ammonia excretion disrupted respiratory metabolism In addition, O:N ratio dropped below 7, indicating may rely exclusively proteins as an energy source under stress. To understand how impacts transcriptional profiles, were 0.5 (low exposure, L14) (high H14) 14 days. Our indicate exposure leads oxidative stress immunosuppression, latter effect being larger higher concentrations. A total 2172 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by analysis hepatopancreas, which 885 upregulated 1287 downregulated. Gene ontology KEGG analyses revealed DEGs H14 group are enriched generation terms "oxidative phosphorylation" pathway, respectively. Therefore, up-regulation be adaptive strategy Moreover, several involved activity downregulated, whereas related reactive species upregulated. many immunity-related within DEGs, affect defense. Further, disease-associated pathways. Taken together, our metabolic disorders, stress, immunosuppression thus potentially contribute disease outbreaks.

Language: Английский

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Immune responses in the mammalian inner ear and their implications for AAV-mediated inner ear gene therapy

Hearing Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 432, P. 108735 - 108735

Published: March 11, 2023

Language: Английский

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