The Cryptochromes: Blue Light Photoreceptors in Plants and Animals

Annual Review of Plant Biology, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 62(1), P. 335 - 364

Published: March 3, 2011

Cryptochromes are flavoprotein photoreceptors first identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, where they play key roles growth and development. Subsequently prokaryotes, archaea, many eukaryotes, cryptochromes function the animal circadian clock proposed as magnetoreceptors migratory birds. closely structurally related to photolyases, evolutionarily ancient flavoproteins that catalyze light-dependent DNA repair. Here, we review structural, photochemical, molecular properties of cry-DASH, plant, relation biological signaling mechanisms uncover common features may contribute better understanding diverse systems including man.

Language: Английский

---

The Radical-Pair Mechanism of Magnetoreception

Annual Review of Biophysics, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 45(1), P. 299 - 344

Published: May 24, 2016

Although it has been known for almost half a century that migratory birds can detect the direction of Earth's magnetic field, primary sensory mechanism behind this remarkable feat is still unclear. The leading hypothesis centers on radical pairs—magnetically sensitive chemical intermediates formed by photoexcitation cryptochrome proteins in retina. Our aim here to explain and physical aspects radical-pair biologists biological physicists. In doing so, we review current state knowledge magnetoreception mechanisms. We dare hope tutorial will stimulate new interdisciplinary experimental theoretical work shed much-needed additional light fascinating problem biology.

Language: Английский

---

A magnetic protein biocompass

Nature Materials, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 15(2), P. 217 - 226

Published: Nov. 16, 2015

Language: Английский

---

The Cryptochrome Blue Light Receptors

The Arabidopsis Book, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 8, P. e0135 - e0135

Published: Jan. 1, 2010

Cryptochromes are photolyase-like blue light receptors originally discovered in Arabidopsis but later found other plants, microbes, and animals. has two cryptochromes, CRY1 CRY2, which mediate primarily inhibition of hypocotyl elongation photoperiodic control floral initiation, respectively. In addition, cryptochromes also regulate over a dozen responses, including circadian rhythms, tropic growth, stomata opening, guard cell development, root bacterial viral pathogen abiotic stress cycles, programmed death, apical dominance, fruit ovule seed dormancy, magnetoreception. have domains, the N-terminal PHR (Photolyase-Homologous Region) domain that bind chromophore FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), CCE (CRY C-terminal Extension) appears intrinsically unstructured critical to function regulation cryptochromes. Most accumulate nucleus, they undergo light-dependent phosphorylation or ubiquitination. It is hypothesized photons excite electrons flavin molecule, resulting redox reaction circular electron shuttle conformational changes photoreceptors. The photoexcited cryptochrome phosphorylated adopt an open conformation, interacts with signaling partner proteins alter gene expression at both transcriptional posttranslational levels consequently metabolic developmental programs plants.

Language: Английский

---

The action mechanisms of plant cryptochromes

Trends in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 16(12), P. 684 - 691

Published: Oct. 15, 2011

Language: Английский

---

Honeybees as a Model for the Study of Visually Guided Flight, Navigation, and Biologically Inspired Robotics

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 91(2), P. 413 - 460

Published: April 1, 2011

Research over the past century has revealed impressive capacities of honeybee, Apis mellifera , in relation to visual perception, flight guidance, navigation, and learning memory. These observations, coupled with relative ease which these creatures can be trained, simplicity their nervous systems, have made honeybees an attractive model pursue general principles sensorimotor function a variety contexts, many pertain not just honeybees, but several other animal species, including humans. This review begins by describing guidance that underlie perception world three dimensions, obstacle avoidance, control speed, orchestrating smooth landings. We then consider how navigation long distances is accomplished, particular reference bees use information from celestial compass determine bearing, movement environment eyes gauge far they flown. Finally, we illustrate some gleaned studies are now being used design novel, biologically inspired algorithms for unmanned aerial vehicles.

Language: Английский

---

Melatonin feedback on clock genes: a theory involving the proteasome

Journal of Pineal Research, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 58(1), P. 1 - 11

Published: Nov. 4, 2014

Abstract The expression of ‘clock’ genes occurs in all tissues, but especially the suprachiasmatic nuclei ( SCN ) hypothalamus, groups neurons brain that regulate circadian rhythms. Melatonin is secreted by pineal gland a manner as influenced . There also considerable evidence melatonin, turn, acts on directly influencing mechanisms. most direct route which melatonin could reach would be via cerebrospinal fluid third ventricle. pars tuberalis PT pituitary, another melatonin‐sensitive tissue, this route. major include period genes, Per1 and Per2 , cryptochrome Cry1 Cry2 clock (circadian locomotor output cycles kaput) gene, Bmal1 (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator‐like) gene. Clock heterodimers act E‐box components promoters Per Cry to stimulate transcription. A negative feedback loop between proteins nucleus allows their own cycle ubiquitination deubiquitination controls levels CRY protein degraded proteasome and, hence, amount available for feedback. Thus, it provides post‐translational component mechanism. BMAL 1 stimulates transcription REV ‐ ERB α partially regulated In ‘black widow’ model transcription, proteasomes destroy factors are needed only particular time. proposed herein, interaction required adjust changes environmental photoperiod. particular, we predict inhibition interferes with loops / PER both tend stabilize itself particularly at night when naturally elevated. account effects rhythms associated molecular timing genes. hypothalamus explaining dramatic ‘time day’ effect injections reproductive status seasonal breeders. Finally, predicts inhibitor such bortezomib modify similar melatonin.

Language: Английский

---

Photochemistry of flavoprotein light sensors

Nature Chemical Biology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 10(10), P. 801 - 809

Published: Sept. 17, 2014

Language: Английский

---

Essential elements of radical pair magnetosensitivity in Drosophila

Nature, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 615(7950), P. 111 - 116

Published: Feb. 22, 2023

Abstract Many animals use Earth’s magnetic field (also known as the geomagnetic field) for navigation 1 . The favoured mechanism magnetosensitivity involves a blue-light-activated electron-transfer reaction between flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and chain of tryptophan residues within photoreceptor protein CRYPTOCHROME (CRY). spin-state resultant radical pair, therefore concentration CRY in its active state, is influenced by 2 However, canonical CRY-centric radical-pair does not explain many physiological behavioural observations 2–8 Here, using electrophysiology analyses, we assay magnetic-field responses at single-neuron organismal levels. We show that 52 C-terminal amino acid Drosophila melanogaster CRY, lacking FAD-binding domain chain, are sufficient to facilitate magnetoreception. also increasing intracellular FAD potentiates both blue-light-induced magnetic-field-dependent effects on activity mediated C terminus. High levels alone cause blue-light neuronal sensitivity and, notably, potentiation this response co-presence field. These results reveal essential components primary magnetoreceptor flies, providing strong evidence non-canonical (that is, non-CRY-dependent) pairs can elicit cells.

Language: Английский

---

Interactions between electromagnetic radiation and biological systems

iScience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 27(3), P. 109201 - 109201

Published: Feb. 10, 2024

Even though the bioeffects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) have been extensively investigated during past several decades, our understandings EMR and mechanisms interactions between biological systems EMRs are still far from satisfactory. In this article, we introduce summarize consensus, controversy, limitations, unsolved issues. The published works effects on different including humans, animals, cells, biochemical reactions. Alternative methodologies also include dielectric spectroscopy, detection bioelectromagnetic emissions, theoretical predictions. many studies, thermal not properly controlled or considered. frequency is limited to commonly used bands, particularly frequencies power line wireless communications; fewer studies were performed for other frequencies. addition, complex EM environment rarely discussed. summary, understanding quite restrictive further investigations needed answer questions.

Language: Английский

---