The Microbial Metabolites, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Regulate Colonic T _reg Cell Homeostasis

Science, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 341(6145), P. 569 - 573

Published: July 5, 2013

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express the transcription factor Foxp3 are critical for regulating intestinal inflammation. Candidate microbe approaches have identified bacterial species and strain-specific molecules can affect immune responses, including modulate Treg responses. Because neither all humans nor mice harbor same strains, we posited more prevalent factors exist regulate number function of colonic Tregs. We determined short-chain fatty acids, gut microbiota-derived fermentation products, size pool protect against colitis in a Ffar2-dependent manner mice. Our study reveals class abundant microbial metabolites underlies adaptive microbiota coadaptation promotes homeostasis health.

Language: Английский

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Role of the Microbiota in Immunity and Inflammation

Cell, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 157(1), P. 121 - 141

Published: March 1, 2014

Language: Английский

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Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 14(8), P. 491 - 502

Published: June 14, 2017

Language: Английский

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The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 99(4), P. 1877 - 2013

Published: Aug. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Language: Английский

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What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 7(1), P. 14 - 14

Published: Jan. 10, 2019

Each individual is provided with a unique gut microbiota profile that plays many specific functions in host nutrient metabolism, maintenance of structural integrity the mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, and protection against pathogens. Gut are composed different bacteria species taxonomically classified by genus, family, order, phyla. human's shaped early life as their composition depends on infant transitions (birth gestational date, type delivery, methods milk feeding, weaning period) external factors such antibiotic use. These personal healthy core native remain relatively stable adulthood but differ between individuals due to enterotypes, body mass index (BMI) level, exercise frequency, lifestyle, cultural dietary habits. Accordingly, there not optimal since it for each individual. However, host⁻microorganism balance must be respected order optimally perform metabolic immune prevent disease development. This review will provide an overview studies focus balances same highlight close mutualistic relationship variations diseases. Indeed, dysbiosis associated only intestinal disorders also numerous extra-intestinal diseases neurological disorders. Understanding cause or consequence these health how maintain restore should useful developing promising therapeutic interventions.

Language: Английский

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Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 110(9), P. 3229 - 3236

Published: Feb. 7, 2013

In the last two decades, widespread application of genetic and genomic approaches has revealed a bacterial world astonishing in its ubiquity diversity. This review examines how growing knowledge vast range animal–bacterial interactions, whether shared ecosystems or intimate symbioses, is fundamentally altering our understanding animal biology. Specifically, we highlight recent technological intellectual advances that have changed thinking about five questions: bacteria facilitated origin evolution animals; do animals affect each other’s genomes; does normal development depend on partners; homeostasis maintained between their symbionts; can ecological deepen multiple levels interaction. As answers to these fundamental questions emerge, all biologists will be challenged broaden appreciation interactions include investigations relationships among partners as seek better natural world.

Language: Английский

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Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota

Nature, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 555(7695), P. 210 - 215

Published: Feb. 28, 2018

Language: Английский

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Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health

Journal of Translational Medicine, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: April 8, 2017

Recent studies have suggested that the intestinal microbiome plays an important role in modulating risk of several chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and cancer. At same time, it is now understood diet a significant shaping microbiome, with experiments showing dietary alterations can induce large, temporary microbial shifts within 24 h. Given this association, there may be therapeutic utility altering composition through diet. This review systematically evaluates current data regarding effects common components on microbiota. We show consumption particular types food produces predictable existing host bacterial genera. Furthermore, identity these bacteria affects immune metabolic parameters, broad implications for human health. Familiarity associations will tremendous use to practitioner as well patient.

Language: Английский

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The ecology of the microbiome: Networks, competition, and stability

Science, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 350(6261), P. 663 - 666

Published: Nov. 5, 2015

What makes the gut microbiome stable? Classically, we think of our as stable, benign, and cooperative. Recent experimental work is beginning to unpick essential functions that can be attributed stable microbiota humans. To able manipulate improve health, need understand community structure composition models quantify predict stability. Coyte et al. applied concepts tools from ecology assembly. Independently developed converged on a surprising answer: A high diversity species likely coexist stably when system dominated by competitive, rather than cooperative, interactions. Science , this issue p. 663

Language: Английский

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Current understanding of the human microbiome

Nature Medicine, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 24(4), P. 392 - 400

Published: April 1, 2018

Language: Английский

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