Activity-regulated
genes
(ARGs)
are
important
for
neuronal
functions
like
long-term
memory
and
well-characterized
in
mammals
but
poorly
studied
other
model
organisms
Drosophila.
Here
we
stimulated
fly
neurons
with
different
paradigms
identified
ARGs
using
high-throughput
sequencing
from
brains
as
well
sorted
neurons:
they
included
a
narrow
set
of
circadian
dopaminergic
neurons.
Surprisingly,
many
specific
to
the
stimulation
paradigm
very
neuron
type.
In
addition
unlike
mammalian
immediate
early
(IEGs),
do
not
have
short
gene
lengths
less
enriched
transcription
factor
function.
Chromatin
assays
ATAC-sequencing
show
that
start
sites
(TSS)
change
neural
firing
already
accessible
prior
stimulation.
Lastly
based
on
binding
site
enrichment
ARGs,
mediators
created
activity
reporters.
Genetics,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
205(4), P. 1373 - 1397
Published: March 30, 2017
The
advantages
of
the
model
organism
Drosophila
melanogaster,
including
low
genetic
redundancy,
functional
simplicity,
and
ability
to
conduct
large-scale
screens,
have
been
essential
for
understanding
molecular
nature
circadian
(∼24
hr)
rhythms,
continue
be
valuable
in
discovering
novel
regulators
rhythms
sleep.
In
this
review,
we
discuss
current
these
interrelated
biological
processes
wider
implications
research.
Clock
genes
period
timeless
were
first
discovered
screens
developed
1970s.
Feedback
on
their
own
transcription
forms
core
clock,
accurately
timed
expression,
localization,
post-transcriptional
modification,
function
is
thought
critical
maintaining
cycle.
Regulators,
several
phosphatases
kinases,
act
different
steps
feedback
loop
ensure
strong
rhythms.
Approximately
150
neurons
fly
brain
that
contain
components
clock
together
translate
intracellular
cycling
into
rhythmic
behavior.
We
how
groups
serve
functions
allowing
clocks
entrain
environmental
cues,
driving
behavioral
outputs
at
times
day,
flexible
responses
conditions.
neuropeptide
PDF
provides
an
important
signal
synchronize
neurons,
although
details
accomplishes
are
still
being
explored.
Secreted
signals
from
also
influence
other
tissues.
SLEEP
is,
part,
regulated
by
which
ensures
appropriate
timing
sleep,
but
amount
quality
sleep
determined
mechanisms
a
homeostatic
balance
between
wake.
Flies
useful
identifying
large
set
genes,
molecules,
neuroanatomic
loci
regulating
amount.
Conserved
aspects
regulation
flies
mammals
include
wake-promoting
roles
catecholamine
neurotransmitters
involvement
hypothalamus-like
regions,
regions
implicated
less
clear
parallels.
Sleep
subject
factors
such
as
food
availability,
stress,
social
environment.
beginning
understand
identified
molecules
interact
with
each
other,
environment,
regulate
researchers
can
take
advantage
increasing
mechanistic
behaviors,
learning
memory,
courtship,
aggression,
loss
impacts
behaviors.
thus
remain
tool
both
discovery
deep
Many
different
functions
are
regulated
by
circadian
rhythms,
including
those
orchestrated
discrete
clock
neurons
within
animal
brains.
To
comprehensively
characterize
and
assign
cell
identity
to
the
75
pairs
of
Drosophila
neurons,
we
optimized
a
single-cell
RNA
sequencing
method
assayed
neuron
gene
expression
at
times
day.
The
data
identify
least
17
categories
with
striking
spatial
regulation
expression.
Transcription
factor
is
prominent
likely
contributes
robust
oscillation
many
transcripts,
that
encode
cell-surface
proteins
previously
shown
be
important
for
recognition
synapse
formation
during
development.
other
clock-regulated
genes
also
constitute
an
resource
future
mechanistic
functional
studies
between
and/or
temporal
signaling
circuits
elsewhere
in
fly
brain.
Cell,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
187(10), P. 2574 - 2594.e23
Published: May 1, 2024
High-resolution
electron
microscopy
of
nervous
systems
has
enabled
the
reconstruction
synaptic
connectomes.
However,
we
do
not
know
sign
for
each
connection
(i.e.,
whether
a
is
excitatory
or
inhibitory),
which
implied
by
released
transmitter.
We
demonstrate
that
artificial
neural
networks
can
predict
transmitter
types
presynapses
from
micrographs:
network
trained
to
six
transmitters
(acetylcholine,
glutamate,
GABA,
serotonin,
dopamine,
octopamine)
achieves
an
accuracy
87%
individual
synapses,
94%
neurons,
and
91%
known
cell
across
D.
melanogaster
whole
brain.
visualize
ultrastructural
features
used
prediction,
discovering
subtle
but
significant
differences
between
phenotypes.
also
analyze
distributions
brain
find
neurons
develop
together
largely
express
only
one
fast-acting
GABA).
hope
our
publicly
available
predictions
act
as
accelerant
neuroscientific
hypothesis
generation
fly.
PLoS Genetics,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
13(2), P. e1006613 - e1006613
Published: Feb. 9, 2017
Locomotor
activity
rhythms
are
controlled
by
a
network
of
~150
circadian
neurons
within
the
adult
Drosophila
brain.
They
subdivided
based
on
their
anatomical
locations
and
properties.
We
profiled
transcripts
"around
clock"
from
three
key
groups
with
different
functions.
also
non-circadian
outgroup,
dopaminergic
(TH)
neurons.
have
cycling
but
fewer
than
clock
as
well
low
expression
poor
gene
transcripts.
This
suggests
that
TH
do
not
canonical
is
driven
brain
systemic
cues.
The
surprisingly
diverse
in
overall
patterns,
which
include
known
putative
novel
neuropeptides.
Even
phase
distributions
distinct,
indicating
regulatory
principles
govern
transcript
oscillations.
surprising
cell-type
diversity
parallels
functional
heterogeneity
