Climate Change and Global Food Systems: Potential Impacts on Food Security and Undernutrition

Annual Review of Public Health, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 38(1), P. 259 - 277

Published: Jan. 16, 2017

Great progress has been made in addressing global undernutrition over the past several decades, part because of large increases food production from agricultural expansion and intensification. Food systems, however, face continued demand growing environmental pressures. Most prominently, human-caused climate change will influence quality quantity we produce our ability to distribute it equitably. Our capacity ensure security nutritional adequacy rapidly changing biophysical conditions be a major determinant next century's burden disease. In this article, review main pathways by which may affect systems-agriculture, fisheries, livestock-as well as socioeconomic forces that equitable distribution.

Language: Английский

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A Global Deal For Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and targets

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 5(4)

Published: April 5, 2019

The Global Deal for Nature sets an ambitious agenda to protect our biosphere through ecosystem conservation and land restoration.

Language: Английский

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Overfishing drives over one-third of all sharks and rays toward a global extinction crisis

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 31(21), P. 4773 - 4787.e8

Published: Sept. 6, 2021

The scale and drivers of marine biodiversity loss are being revealed by the International Union for Conservation Nature (IUCN) Red List assessment process. We present first global reassessment 1,199 species in Class Chondrichthyes-sharks, rays, chimeras. (in 2014) concluded that one-quarter (24%) were threatened. Now, 391 (32.6%) threatened with extinction. When this percentage threat is applied to Data Deficient species, more than one-third (37.5%) chondrichthyans estimated be threatened, much change resulting from new information. Three Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct), representing possibly fish extinctions due overfishing. Consequently, chondrichthyan extinction rate potentially 25 per million years, comparable terrestrial vertebrates. Overfishing universal affecting all sole 67.3% interacts three other threats remaining third: degradation habitat (31.2% species), climate (10.2%), pollution (6.9%). Species disproportionately tropical subtropical coastal waters. Science-based limits on fishing, effective protected areas, approaches reduce or eliminate fishing mortality urgently needed minimize ensure sustainable catch trade others. Immediate action essential prevent further protect potential food security ecosystem functions provided iconic lineage predators.

Language: Английский

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Environmental Performance Index

Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 5

Published: Nov. 15, 2016

Abstract The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) ranks 180 countries on nine priority environmental issues in two objectives including protection of human health and maintaining ecosystem vitality. objective underlying the EPI is to move debate from emotional rhetorical arguments more data‐ evidence‐based action that facilitates performance tracking accountability decision makers. Now its sixth iteration, was among first tools kind now a standard bearer for comparing country international policies, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Language: Английский

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The Rising Tide of Antimicrobial Resistance in Aquaculture: Sources, Sinks and Solutions

Marine Drugs, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 15(6), P. 158 - 158

Published: June 1, 2017

As the human population increases there is an increasing reliance on aquaculture to supply a safe, reliable, and economic of food. Although food production essential for healthy population, threat global health antimicrobial resistance. Extensive antibiotic resistant strains are now being detected; spread these could greatly reduce medical treatment options available increase deaths from previously curable infections. Antibiotic resistance widespread due in part clinical overuse misuse; however, natural processes horizontal gene transfer mutation events that allow genetic exchange within microbial populations have been ongoing since ancient times. By their nature, systems contain high numbers diverse bacteria, which exist combination with current past use antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, other regimens—singularly or combination. These designated as “genetic hotspots” transfer. our grows, it we identify sources sinks resistance, monitor analyse between community, environment, farmed product, order better understand implications environmental health.

Language: Английский

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Antibiotic use in aquaculture, policies and regulation, health and environmental risks: a review of the top 15 major producers

Reviews in Aquaculture, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 12(2), P. 640 - 663

Published: April 7, 2019

Abstract This review focuses on the current status of antibiotics use, effects animal health and environment, existing policies regulatory mechanisms in top 15 producing countries. Fifty papers were reviewed represented bulk literature worldwide. We observed that 67 antibiotic compounds used 11 countries between 2008 2018. Among these countries, 73% applied oxytetracycline, sulphadiazine florfenicol. On average, users included Vietnam (39), China (33) Bangladesh (21). environmental risks, revealed sufficient evidence directly links use to food safety, occupational hazards antimicrobial resistance. Environmental risks residue accumulation, aquatic biodiversity toxicity, microbial community selection for resistance emergence multi‐antibacterial resistant strains. Regarding policies, major players European Commission, Food Drug Administration, Medicines Agency, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Safety Authority, Codex government ministries. In particular, Authority Institute demonstrated most outstanding regulation aquaculture needs be emulated. The future lies guaranteeing supply safe products growing consumer market. Thus, international coordination policy environment is needed, while increased investment research alternative management strategies essential. Future technologies should focus reduction safeguard ensure safety consumers, feed industry workers.

Language: Английский

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Harnessing global fisheries to tackle micronutrient deficiencies

Nature, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 574(7776), P. 95 - 98

Published: Sept. 25, 2019

Language: Английский

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Human Health and Ocean Pollution

Annals of Global Health, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 86(1), P. 151 - 151

Published: Dec. 3, 2020

Background: Pollution – unwanted waste released to air, water, and land by human activity is the largest environmental cause of disease in world today. It responsible for an estimated nine million premature deaths per year, enormous economic losses, erosion capital, degradation ecosystems. Ocean pollution important, but insufficiently recognized inadequately controlled component global pollution. poses serious threats health well-being. The nature magnitude these impacts are only beginning be understood. Goals: (1) Broadly examine known potential ocean on health. (2) Inform policy makers, government leaders, international organizations, civil society, public threats. (3) Propose priorities interventions control prevent seas safeguard Methods: Topic-focused reviews that effects health, identify gaps knowledge, project future trends, offer evidence-based guidance effective intervention. Environmental Findings: oceans widespread, worsening, most countries poorly controlled. a complex mixture toxic metals, plastics, manufactured chemicals, petroleum, urban industrial wastes, pesticides, fertilizers, pharmaceutical agricultural runoff, sewage. More than 80% arises from land-based sources. reaches through rivers, atmospheric deposition direct discharges. often heaviest near coasts highly concentrated along low- middle-income countries. Plastic rapidly increasing visible pollution, 10 metric tons plastic enter each year. Mercury metal pollutant greatest concern oceans; it two main sources coal combustion small-scale gold mining. Global spread industrialized agriculture with use chemical fertilizer leads extension Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) previously unaffected regions. Chemical pollutants ubiquitous contaminate marine organisms high Arctic abyssal depths. Ecosystem has multiple negative ecosystems, exacerbated climate change. Petroleum-based reduce photosynthesis microorganisms generate oxygen. Increasing absorption carbon dioxide into causes acidification, which destroys coral reefs, impairs shellfish development, dissolves calcium-containing at base food web, increases toxicity some pollutants. threatens mammals, fish, seabirds accumulates large mid-ocean gyres. breaks down microplastic nanoplastic particles containing chemicals can tissues organisms, including species consumed humans. Industrial releases, sewage increase frequency severity HABs, bacterial anti-microbial resistance. sea surface warming triggering poleward migration dangerous pathogens such as Vibrio species. discharges, contribute declines fish stocks. Human Health Methylmercury PCBs whose best Exposures infants in utero maternal consumption contaminated seafood damage developing brains, IQ children's risks autism, ADHD learning disorders. Adult exposures methylmercury cardiovascular dementia. Manufactured phthalates, bisphenol A, flame retardants, perfluorinated many them disrupt endocrine signaling, male fertility, nervous system, risk cancer. HABs produce potent toxins accumulate shellfish. When ingested, severe neurological impairment rapid death. HAB also become airborne respiratory disease. Pathogenic bacteria gastrointestinal diseases deep wound infections. With change infections, cholera, will extend new areas. All fall disproportionately vulnerable populations South injustice planetary scale. Conclusions: problem. crosses national boundaries. consequence reckless, shortsighted, unsustainable exploitation earth's resources. endangers impedes production Its great growing, still incompletely costs counted. prevented. Like all forms deploying data-driven strategies based law, policy, technology, enforcement target priority Many have used tools air water now applying Successes achieved date demonstrate broader feasible. Heavily polluted harbors been cleaned, estuaries rejuvenated, reefs restored. Prevention creates benefits. boosts economies, tourism, helps restore fisheries, improves advances Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). These benefits last centuries. Recommendations: World leaders who recognize gravity acknowledge its growing dangers, engage society public, take bold, action stop source critical preventing safeguarding key. Eliminating banning uses mercury Bans single-use better management persistent organic (POPs) reduced DDT. Control treatment sewage, applications fertilizers mitigated coastal reducing HABs. National, regional programs adequately funded backed strong shown effective. Robust monitoring essential track progress. Further hold promise include wide-scale transition renewable fuels; circular economy little focuses equity rather endless growth; embracing principles green chemistry; building scientific capacity Designation Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) protect stocks, enhance Creation MPAs important manifestation commitment protecting seas.

Language: Английский

Citations

561

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Nutrition: Fall in fish catch threatens human health

Christopher D. Golden, Edward H. Allison, William W. L. Cheung

et al.

Nature, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 534(7607), P. 317 - 320

Published: June 1, 2016

Language: Английский

Citations

553

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Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Claude E. Boyd, Louis R. D’Abramo,

Brent D. Glencross

et al.

Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 51(3), P. 578 - 633

Published: June 1, 2020

Abstract Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems presented via historical, current, future perspectives. Improved environmental economic sustainability based on increased efficiency continues to be realized. As a result, reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use freshwater land resources per unit production, improved feed management practices well knowledge nutrient requirements, effective ingredients additives, domestication species, farming now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture marine both off shore, offers potential substantial increases in combined with integrative efforts increase will principally contribute satisfying increasing global demand for protein food security needs.

Language: Английский

Citations

523

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