Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus

Nature, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 554(7692), P. 311 - 316

Published: Feb. 1, 2018

The genus Citrus, comprising some of the most widely cultivated fruit crops worldwide, includes an uncertain number species. Here we describe ten natural citrus species, using genomic, phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses 60 accessions representing diverse germ plasms, propose that diversified during late Miocene epoch through a rapid southeast Asian radiation correlates with marked weakening monsoons. A second enabled by migration across Wallace line gave rise to Australian limes in early Pliocene epoch. Further identification hybrids admixed genomes provides insights into genealogy major commercial cultivars citrus. Among mandarins sweet orange, find extensive network relatedness illuminates domestication these groups. Widespread pummelo admixture among its correlation size acidity suggests plausible role introgression selection palatable mandarins. This work new evolutionary framework for Citrus. origin, evolution Citrus important wild varieties. fruits are one yet relationships species remain uncertain. Daniel Rokhsar, Manuel Talon colleagues analyse represent range including 30 newly sequenced genomes. They characterize diversity at level identify interspecific admixtures—genetic mixing between previously isolated populations—that could be result human activities such as agriculture. authors 10 progenitor suggest originated Asia, diversifying correlated changing climate, also oranges, showing complex history

Language: Английский

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The structure and function of the global citrus rhizosphere microbiome

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Nov. 14, 2018

Citrus is a globally important, perennial fruit crop whose rhizosphere microbiome thought to play an important role in promoting citrus growth and health. Here, we report comprehensive analysis of the structural functional composition microbiome. We use both amplicon deep shotgun metagenomic sequencing bulk soil samples collected across distinct biogeographical regions from six continents. Predominant taxa include Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria Bacteroidetes. The core comprises Pseudomonas, Agrobacterium, Cupriavidus, Bradyrhizobium, Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Burkholderia, Cellvibrio, Sphingomonas, Variovorax Paraburkholderia, some which are potential plant beneficial microbes. also identify over-represented microbial traits mediating plant-microbe microbe-microbe interactions, nutrition acquisition promotion rhizosphere. results provide valuable information guide isolation culturing and, potentially, harness power improve production

Language: Английский

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Chromosome-scale assemblies of plant genomes using nanopore long reads and optical maps

Nature Plants, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 4(11), P. 879 - 887

Published: Oct. 24, 2018

Language: Английский

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Designing Future Crops: Genomics-Assisted Breeding Comes of Age

Trends in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 26(6), P. 631 - 649

Published: April 21, 2021

Availability of reference genomes and genome-wide surveys on comprehensive diversity panels pave the way to associate allelic variation with phenotypes.Methods are now available evaluate genetic worth vast resources archived in gene banks streamline application these crop improvement programs.Precise genome editing technologies concert enhanced trait architectures enable innovative solutions engineer complex variation.High-throughput phenotyping methods beginning alleviate challenge accurate, precise, large-scale measurements plant performance.Optimized speed breeding protocols remain crucial accelerating advance when applied genomic approaches.Sustaining gains from seeks fast-tracking exploitation minor effect alleles, accumulation favorable purging deleterious alleles. Over past decade, genomics-assisted (GAB) has been instrumental harnessing potential modern characterizing exploiting for germplasm enhancement cultivar development. Sustaining GAB future (GAB 2.0) will rely upon a suite new approaches that fast-track targeted manipulation creating novel facilitate their rapid efficient incorporation programs. Genomic strategies optimize beneficial alleles be indispensable designing crops. In coming decades, 2.0 is expected play role more climate-smart cultivars higher nutritional value cost-effective timely manner. Ensuring sustainable increase global food production finite an increasing human population great challenge. wake enormous advances, 15 years back we proposed concept [1.Varshney R.K. et al.Genomics-assisted improvement.Trends Plant Sci. 2005; 10: 621-630Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (392) Google Scholar]. Interestingly, proposition coincided release high-quality sequence assembly rice (Oryza sativa), representing first any [2.International Rice Genome Sequencing Project The map-based genome.Nature. 436: 793-800Crossref (2692) Subsequently, array tools have become applications (Table 1). Parallel advancements technologies, designs based multi-parent synthetic populations were implemented discovery impart benefits both association mapping linkage analysis, such as diversity, controlled structure, greater power quantitative locus (QTL) detection improved accuracy [3.Kover P.X. al.A multiparent advanced generation inter-cross fine-map traits Arabidopsis thaliana.PLoS Genet. 2009; 5e1000551Crossref (361) Scholar,4.Yu J. al.Genetic design statistical nested maize.Genetics. 2008; 178: 539-551Crossref (627) Scholar].Table 1Genome Resources Ten Topmost Food CropsaAbbreviation: n.d., no data.CropArea (mha)bSource: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.Production (mmt)bSource: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.Assembled (Mb)SNP arrayGenomic databasesGene expression atlasPan-genomeWheat(Triticum aestivum)215.9765.714 500[61.International Wheat Consortium (IWGSC) Shifting limits wheat research using fully annotated genome.Science. 2018; 361eaar7191Crossref (891) Scholar]Wheat 9K iSelect [62.Cavanagh C.R. al.Genome-wide comparative uncovers multiple targets selection hexaploid landraces cultivars.Proc. Natl. Acad. U. S. A. 2013; 110: 20Crossref (601) 90K [63.Wang Y. al.Simultaneous three homoeoalleles bread confers heritable resistance powdery mildew.Nat. Biotechnol. 2014; 32: 947-951Crossref (839) 660K Axiom HD genotyping [64.Winfield M.O. al.High-density SNP its secondary tertiary pool.Plant 2016; 14: 1195-1206Crossref (44) breeder's (Affymetrix 35K) [65.Allen A.M. al.Characterization breeders' suitable high-throughput accessions (Triticum aestivum).Plant 2017; 15: 390-401Crossref (0) Variation Database (WGVD) [66.Wang al.WGVD: integrated web-database selective signatures.Database. 2020; 2020baaa090Crossref Scholar]WheatExp [67.Pearce al.WheatExp: RNA-seq database polyploid wheat.BMC Biol. 2015; 299Crossref (59) Scholar]18 Cultivars [68.Montenegro J.D. al.The pangenome wheat.Plant 90: 1007-1013Crossref (111) Scholar]Maize(Zea mays)197.21148.42048[69.Schnable P.S. B73 maize genome: complexity, dynamics.Science. 326: 1112-1115Crossref (2568) Scholar]MaizeSNP50 BeadChip (llumina Infinium 50K) [70.Ganal M.W. large (Zea mays L.) array: development genotyping, compare genome.PLoS One. 2011; 6e28334Crossref Scholar]Subset MaizeSNP50 (Illumina 3K) [71.Rousselle al.Study essential derivation maize: III. Selection evaluation panel single nucleotide polymorphism loci use European North American germplasm.Crop 55: 1170-1180Crossref (3) Scholar]Axiom 600K [72.Unterseer powerful tool analysis high density 600 K array.BMC Genomics. 823Crossref 55K [73.Xu C. al.Development 55 coverage molecular breeding.Mol. Breed. 37: Scholar]MaizeSNPDB [74.Zhou W. al.MaizeSNPDB: retrieve SNPs among 1210 lines.Comput. Struct. 2019; 17: 1377-1383Crossref Scholar]36 207 Genes [75.Hoopes G.M. al.An updated atlas reveals organ-specific stress-induced genes.Plant 97: 1154-1167Crossref (29) Scholar]503 Inbred lines [76.Hirsch C.N. al.Insights into pan-genome pan-transcriptome.Plant Cell. 26: 121-135Crossref (226) Scholar]Rice(Oryza sativa)162755.4371[2.International Scholar]Affymetrix (1M) [77.McCouch S.R. assays rice.Breed. 2010; 60: 524-535Crossref (130) Scholar]RiceSNP50 [78.Chen analyses provide biochemical insights natural metabolism.Nat. 46: 714-721Crossref (293) Scholar]RICE6K 6K) [79.Yu H. whole-genome (RICE6K) rice.Plant 12: 28-37Crossref (101) Scholar] OsSNPnks [80.Singh N. al.Single-copy 50 chip studies rice.Sci. Rep. 5: 11600Crossref (34) Affymetrix GeneChip (44K) [81.Tung platform dissecting phenotype genotype associations spp.).Rice. 3: 205-217Crossref Scholar]SNP-Seek [82.Alexandrov al.SNP-Seek derived 3000 genomes.Nucleic Acids Res. 43: D1023-D1027Crossref (188) Scholar][83.Wang L. dynamic covering entire life cycle 61: 752-766Crossref (248) Scholar,84.Cao P. Oligonucleotide Array Database: expression.Rice. 2012; 17Crossref Scholar]66 Accessions [85.Zhao Q. al.Pan-genome highlights extent cultivated wild rice.Nat. 50: 278-284Crossref (149) Scholar]Soybean(Glycine max)120.5333.7973[86.Schmutz al.Genome palaeopolyploid soybean.Nature. 463: 7278Crossref (2570) Scholar]SoySNP50K [87.Song SoySNP50K, high-density soybean.PLoS 8e54985Crossref (292) Scholar]SoyaSNP180K [88.Lee Y.G. al.Development, validation soybean array.Plant 81: 625-636Crossref (30) Scholar]SoyKB [89.Joshi T. al.Soybean knowledge base (SoyKB): web resource integration translational genomics breeding.Nucleic 42: D1245-D1252Crossref Scholar]55 616 [90.Libault M. transcriptome model Glycine max, plants.Plant 63: 86-99PubMed Scholar]26 [91.Liu soybeans.Cell. 182: 162-176Abstract (42) Scholar]Barley(Hordeum vulgare)51.1158.94980 [92.International Barley A physical, functional barley 491: 711-716Crossref (978) Scholar]; 4790 [93.Mascher chromosome conformation capture ordered 544: 427-433Crossref (553) Scholar]9K Illumina Custom Genotyping [94.Comadr`an al.Natural homolog Antirrhinum CENTRORADIALIS contributed spring growth habit environmental adaptation barley.Nat. 44: 1388-1392Crossref (284) 50K [95.Bayer M.M. 50k array.Front. 8: 1792Crossref (74) Scholar]BarleyVarDB [96.Tan al.BarleyVarDB: variation.Database. 2020baaa091Crossref (1) Scholar]21 439 [97.Druka seed through development.Funct. Integr. 2006; 6: 202-211Crossref Scholar]20 [98.Jayakodi hidden legacy mutation breeding.Nature. 588: 284-289Crossref (6) Scholar]Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor)4057.9739 [99.Paterson A.H. Sorghum bicolor diversification grasses.Nature. 457: 551-556Crossref (1906) Scholar]3K [100.Bekele W.A. al.High-throughput sorghum: resequencing screening 11: 1112-1125Crossref (37) Scholar]SorGSD [101.Luo al.SorGSD: sorghum database.Biotechnol. Biofuels. 9: 6Crossref (21) Scholar]27 577 [102.Shakoor genotype-specific profiles vegetative tissues grain, sweet bioenergy sorghums.BMC 35Crossref (45) Scholar]n.d.Rapeseed(Brassica napus)3470.5849.7 [103.Chalhoub B. al.Early allopolyploid evolution post-Neolithic Brassica napus oilseed 345: 950-953Crossref (1027) Scholar]International (60K) [104.Clarke W.E. ancestral diploid species optimised markers allotetraploid genome.Theor. Appl. 129: 1887-1899Crossref Scholar]BnaGVD [105.Yan al.BnaGVD: rapeseed (Brassica napus).Plant Cell Physiol. 2021; (Published online January 5, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcaa169)Crossref Scholar]101 040 [106.Chao al.BrassicaEDB: crops.Int. Mol. 21: 5831Crossref (2) Scholar]8 [107.Song J.M. al.Eight reveal architecture ecotype differentiation napus.Nat. Plants. 34-45Crossref (61) Scholar]Dry beans(Phaseolus vulgaris)3328.9473 [108.Schmutz common bean dual domestications.Nat. 707-713Crossref (602) Scholar]BARCBean6K_1, BARCBean6K_2, BARCBean6K_3 [109.Song al.SNP assay map construction, anchoring sequence, other bean.G3 (Bethesda). 2285-2290Crossref (73) Scholar]PhaseolusGenes (http://phaseolusgenes.bioinformatics.ucdavis.edu/)[110.O'Rourke J.A. RNA-Seq bean.BMC 866Crossref (68) Scholar]n.d.Groundnut(Arachis hypogaea)29.648.82540 [111.Bertioli D.J. sequences Arachis duranensis ipaensis, ancestors peanut.Nat. 48: 438-446Crossref (372) 2540 [112.Zhuang peanut provides insight legume karyotypes, domestication.Nat. 51: 865-876Crossref (64) Scholar]'Axiom_Arachis' 58K [113.Pandey M.K. Axiom_Arachis 58 genetics groundnut.Sci. 7: 40577Crossref Scholar]n.d.57 344 Transcripts [114.Sinha al.Arachis hypogaea fastigiata subspecies groundnut accelerate applications.Plant 18: 2187-2200Crossref Scholar]n.d.Sugarcane(Saccharum officinarum)26.71949.3800–900 (Monoploid)76K [115.Yang X. al.Mining variations representative sugarcane accessions.BMC 594Crossref (17) 84K [116.Balsalobre T.W.A. al.GBS-based dosage QTL allow mining yield-related sugarcane.BMC 72Crossref Sugarcane100K [117.You construction identification.Theor. 13: 2829-2845Crossref Scholar]n.d.n.d.n.d.a Abbreviation: data.b Source: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Open table tab characterization underlying important agronomic processes. this article, discuss products delivered opportunities latest innovations offer sustain recent decades [i.e., or (GB)]. We highlight broad create selection. years, expedited timelines progress across range species, than 130 publicly bred different crops [5.Vogel Marker-Assisted Selection: Biotechnology Breeding Without Genetic Engineering. Greenpeace International, 2014Google majority noteworthy by variety programs include having elevated levels against diseases bacterial blight blast rust aestivum). Among biotic stresses, tolerance submergence, salinity, drought remained key target GAB. similar impact witnessed quality several (Box 1).Box 1Key Products Delivered Genomics-Assisted Some CropsGAB Biotic Stress ResistanceSimply inherited under influence strong-effect QTL, disease resistance, most preferred introgression approaches. 'Improved Samba Mahsuri' (ISM) carrying (BB) (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) genes (Xa21, xa13, xa5) [132.Sundaram R.M. al.Marker assisted Mahsuri, elite indica variety.Euphytica. 160: 411-422Crossref Two major (Magnaporthe (Pi-2 Pi-54) BB (Xa38) further stacked 'ISM' [133.Madhavi K.R. background elite, resistant variety, Mahsuri.Euphytica. 212: 331-342Crossref (8) Scholar,134.Yugander al.Incorporation Xa38 Improved Mahsuri.PLoS 13e0198260Crossref (14) 'Pusa Basmati 1' pyramided two (Pi2+Pi5) (Pi54+Pi1+Pita) [135.Khanna near-isogenic gene(s) rice.Theor. 128: 1243-1259Crossref (57) version 1121' 6' (Pi2 Pi54) (xa13 Xa21) others [136.Ellur al.Improvement varieties marker backcross breeding.Plant 242: 330-341Crossref Scholar].A DNA improving stress response quality-related (http://maswheat.ucdavis.edu/protocols/index.htm). Examples versions hard red winter (HRWW) 'Jagger' 'Overley' Yr40/Lr57 Lr58, respectively [137.Kuraparthy V. PCR marker-assisted transfer leaf stripe Lr57 Yr40 wheats.Crop 49: 120-126Crossref 'HUW510' Lr34 [138.Vasistha al.Molecular validates spot blotch wheat.Euphytica. 213: 262Crossref (4) pearl millet, 'HHB 67-improved' represented downy mildew 67', which was released commercial cultivation India 2005 (see Rai al. [139.Rai K.N. al.Adaptation germplasm-derived parent millet.Plant Resour. Newsl. 154: 20-24Google Scholar]). Other success stories demonstrating cereal included eyespot (Rhizoctonia cerealis) Pch1, recessive rym4/ rym5 yellow mosaic viruses, mlo (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei).Unlike cereals, grain lagged behind terms product delivery; however, genotyping-based selections increasingly embraced For instance, pyramiding cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) races (2, 3, 14) at USDA-ARS led registration high-yielding genotypes 'JTN 5503', 5303', 'DS 880', 5109' [140.Arelli al.Registration yielding JTN5503.Crop 2723-2724Crossref Scholar, 141.Arelli conventional JTN-4307 nematodes fungal diseases.J. Regist. 192-199Crossref 142.Arelli P.R. Young L.D. Inheritance PI 567516C LY1 infecting cv. Hartwig.Euphytica. 165: 1-4Crossref (19) 143.Smith USDA, ARS, National Program. Germplasm Information Network, 2010Google Similarly, Varshney [144.Varshney al.Marker-assisted region improve popular (Arachis L.).Theor. 127: 1771-1781Crossref (93) obtained set 20 hypogaea) showing yield increased (Puccinia arachidis) transferring susceptible ('ICGV 91114', 'JL 24', 'TAG 24'). chickpea, simultaneous wilt (Fusarium oxysporum ciceris) (Ascochyta rabiei) shown chickpea C 214 [145.Varshney backcrossing introgress Fusarium race 1 Ascochyta 214, chickpea.Plant Genome. 1-11Crossref (77) Scholar].GAB Abiotic ToleranceThe immense utility abiotic exemplified controlling submergence (sub1), salt (Saltol), introgressed them. Sub1 'Swarna', India, within short span 2 [146.Neeraja approach developing submergence-tolerant cultivars.Theor. 2007; 115: 767-776Crossref (276) Vietnam, nearly ten cross OM1490/IR64-Sub1 90–99% revival field conditions [147.Lang N.T. (MAB) Mekong delta.Omonrice. 11-21Google Higher survival rates mega-varieties, including 'Samba (BPT 5204), 'CR 1009' 'Thadokkham (TDK1) Laos, 'BR 11' Bangladesh also evident following QTL-introgression Hasan [148.Hasan backcrossing: useful method improvement.Biotechnol. Equip. 29: 237-254Crossref Scholar]).The Saltol various countries, candidate 1121', 6', 'AS 996', 'BT 7', 'Bacthom 'Q5DB', 'BRRI-Dhan 49' Waziri [149.Waziri al.Saltol salinity rice.Austin. Bioeng. 1-5Google Successful Sub1, Saltol, (Pi2, Pi9), gall midge (Orseolia (Gm1, Gm4) Tapaswini', pyramid (Xa 4, xa5, highly 'Tapaswini', demonstrated [150.Das G. al.Improved Tapaswini four six genes/QTLs, resistance/tolerance stresses 2413Crossref Scholar].Similar above-mentioned examples tolerance, major-effect QTLs 'Sabitri' (a yet drought-susceptible Nepal) yielded variants good type rain-fed areas Nepal countries South Asia [151.Dixit develop drought-tolerant Sabitri, Nepal.Euphytica. 184Crossref (11) availability stable effects facilitated well. 'QTL hotspot' 372' pulse 10216' (https://icar.org.in/content/development-two-superior-chickpea-varieties-genomics-assisted-breeding).GAB Quality TraitsOne breakthroughs plants involves introduction Gpc-B1 (grain protein content) tetra caused creation GPC viz. USA ('Farnum', 'Lassik', 'Westmore', 'Desert King-High Protein'), Canada ('Lillian', 'Somerset', 'Burnside'), Australia (improved 'Wyalkatchem', 'Gladius', 'VR 1128') Mitrofanova Khakimova [152.Mitrofanova O.P. A.G. New content.Russ. 477-487Crossref references therein). variant badh2 Wx basmati 'Manawthukha' (an Myanmar) resulted fragrance intermediate amylose content [153.Yi cooking Myanmar Manawthukha.Field Crops 113: 178-186Crossref By reducing cycles up 3 Chu [154.Chu oleic peanut.Plant 4: 110-117Crossref developed 'Tifguard High O/L' acid resistance. More recently, oil combined late (Phaeoisariopsis personata Berk. & Curtis) [155.Janila fatty desaturase mutant (ahFAD2A ahFAD2B) enhances low containing genotypes.Plant 203-213Crossref (66) Scholar,156.Yaduru Indian foliar SSR backcrossing.Crop 1-15Crossref (5) Resistance Simply bl

Language: Английский

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Twenty years of plant genome sequencing: achievements and challenges

Trends in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 27(4), P. 391 - 401

Published: Nov. 12, 2021

Language: Английский

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De Novo Assembly of a New Solanum pennellii Accession Using Nanopore Sequencing

The Plant Cell, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 29(10), P. 2336 - 2348

Published: Oct. 1, 2017

Updates in nanopore technology have made it possible to obtain gigabases of sequence data. Prior this, sequencing was mainly used analyze microbial samples. Here, we describe the generation a comprehensive data set with median read length 11,979 bp for self-compatible accession wild tomato species Solanum pennellii We assembly its genome contig N50 2.5 MB. The pipeline comprised initial correction Canu and SMARTdenovo. resulting raw nanopore-based de novo is structurally highly similar that reference S. LA716 but has high error rate rich homopolymer deletions. After polishing Illumina reads, obtained an <0.02% when assessed versus same gene completeness 96.53%, slightly surpassing Taken together, our indicate such long can be affordably assemble gigabase-sized plant genomes.

Language: Английский

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Genome of Wild Mandarin and Domestication History of Mandarin

Molecular Plant, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 11(8), P. 1024 - 1037

Published: June 6, 2018

Language: Английский

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Whole-genome resequencing of 472 Vitis accessions for grapevine diversity and demographic history analyses

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: March 13, 2019

Abstract Understanding the Vitis species at genomic level is important for cultivar improvement of grapevine. Here we report whole-genome genetic variation single-base resolution 472 accessions, which cover 48 out 60 extant from a wide geographic distribution. The helps to identify recent dramatic expansion and contraction effective population size in domesticated grapevines that cultivars pan-Black Sea region have unique demographic history comparison other cultivars. We also find selective sweeps berry edibility stress resistance improvement. Furthermore, associations between candidate genes agronomic traits, such as shape aromatic compounds. These results demonstrate resource value resequencing data illuminating evolutionary biology providing targets grapevine

Language: Английский

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Analysis of Transcriptome and Epitranscriptome in Plants Using PacBio Iso-Seq and Nanopore-Based Direct RNA Sequencing

Frontiers in Genetics, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: March 21, 2019

Nanopore sequencing from Oxford Technologies (ONT) and Pacific BioSciences (PacBio) single-molecule real-time (SMRT) long-read isoform (Iso-Seq) are revolutionizing the way transcriptomes analyzed. These methods offer many advantages over most widely used high-throughput short-read RNA (RNA-Seq) approaches allow a comprehensive analysis of in identifying full-length splice isoforms several other post-transcriptional events. In addition, direct provides valuable information about modifications, which lost during PCR amplification step methods. Here, we present summary important applications these technologies plants, including identification complex alternative splicing (AS), variants, fusion transcripts polyadenylation (APA) Furthermore, discuss impact newly developed nanopore advancing epitranscriptome research plants. Additionally, summarize computational tools for quantifying co/post-transcriptional events discussed some limitations with Sequencing using new will unravel aspects transcriptome complexity unprecedented ways as compared to previous approaches. Analysis plant powerful that require minimum sample processing is likely become norm expected uncover novel gene regulatory mechanisms control biological outcomes development response various stresses.

Language: Английский

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The Rise of Apomixis in Natural Plant Populations

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: April 2, 2019

Apomixis, the asexual reproduction via seed, has many potential applications for plant breeding by maintaining desirable genotypes over generations. Since most major crops do not express natural apomixis, it is useful to understand origin and maintenance of apomixis in systems. Here, we review state knowledge on origin, establishment apomixis. Many studies suggest that hybridization, either diploid or polyploid cytotypes, a trigger formation unreduced female gametophytes, which represents first step toward must be combined parthenogenesis, development an unfertilized egg cell. Nevertheless, fertilization endosperm still needed apomictic plants. Coupling these three steps appears constraint shifts Adventitious embryony another developmental pathway Establishment newly arisen lineage often fostered side-effects polyploidy. Polyploidy creates immediate reproductive barrier against parental progenitor populations; can cause breakdown genetic self-incompatibility (SI) systems establish self-fertility pseudogamous lineages; finally, polyploidy could indirectly help cytotype novel ecological niche increasing adaptive potentials This may followed phase diversification range expansion, mostly described as geographical parthenogenesis. The utilization consider risks pollen transfer introgression into sexual crop fields, might overcome using pollen-sterile cleistogamous variants. Another risk escape vegetation invasiveness plants needs careful management consideration conditions.

Language: Английский

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