Frontiers in Genetics,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
9
Published: Dec. 18, 2018
Modification
of
DNA
bases
plays
vital
roles
in
the
epigenetic
control
gene
expression
both
animals
and
plants.
Though
much
attention
is
given
to
conventional
signature
5-methylcytosine
(5-mC),
field
epigenetics
attracting
increased
scientific
interest
through
discovery
additional
modifications
their
controlling
expression.
Theoretically,
each
can
be
modified;
however,
cytosine
adenine
only
are
known
so
far.
This
review
focuses
on
recent
findings
well-studied
yet
poorly
characterized
modification
which
serve
as
an
layer
regulation
discuss
potential
Cytosine
at
symmetric
(CG,
CHG)
asymmetric
(CHH)
contexts
a
key
feature.
In
addition
ROS1
family
mediated
demethylation,
Ten-Eleven
Translocation
proteins-mediated
hydroxylation
5-mC
5-hydroxymethylcytosine
active
demethylation
pathway
also
discussed.
The
marks
associated
with
several
cellular
developmental
processes,
pluripotency
stem
cells,
neuron
cell
development,
tumor
development
animals.
Therefore,
most
recently
discovered
N6-methyladenine,
mark
regulatory
potential,
described.
Interestingly,
these
newly
found
genomes
lack
canonical
5-mC,
signifying
independent
functions.
These
modified
considered
important
players
epigenomics.
for
combinatorial
interaction
among
suggests
that
codon
likely
substantially
more
complicated
than
it
thought
today.
Essays in Biochemistry,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
62(5), P. 643 - 723
Published: Dec. 3, 2018
Genetics
plays
a
role,
to
greater
or
lesser
extent,
in
all
diseases.
Variations
our
DNA
and
differences
how
that
functions
(alone
combinations),
alongside
the
environment
(which
encompasses
lifestyle),
contribute
disease
processes.
This
review
explores
genetic
basis
of
human
disease,
including
single
gene
disorders,
chromosomal
imbalances,
epigenetics,
cancer
complex
considers
understanding
technological
advances
can
be
applied
provision
appropriate
diagnosis,
management
therapy
for
patients.
Biomarker Research,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
7(1)
Published: Oct. 31, 2019
Phenotypic
and
functional
heterogeneity
is
one
of
the
hallmarks
human
cancers.
Tumor
genotype
variations
among
tumors
within
different
patients
are
known
as
interpatient
heterogeneity,
variability
multiple
same
type
arising
in
patient
referred
to
intra-patient
heterogeneity.
Subpopulations
cancer
cells
with
distinct
phenotypic
molecular
features
a
tumor
called
intratumor
(ITH).
Since
Nowell
proposed
clonal
evolution
cell
populations
1976,
especially
ITH,
was
actively
studied.
Research
has
focused
on
genetic
basis
cancer,
particularly
mutational
activation
oncogenes
or
inactivation
tumor-suppressor
genes
(TSGs).
The
phenomenon
ITH
commonly
explained
by
Darwinian-like
single
tumor.
Despite
monoclonal
origin
most
cancers,
new
clones
arise
during
progression
due
continuous
acquisition
mutations.
It
clear
that
disruption
"epigenetic
machinery"
plays
an
important
role
development.
Aberrant
epigenetic
changes
occur
more
frequently
than
gene
mutations
epigenome
at
intersection
environment
genome.
Epigenetic
dysregulation
occurs
earliest
stage
cancer.
current
trend
therapy
use
drugs
reverse
and/or
delay
future
resistance
therapies.
A
majority
therapies
fail
achieve
durable
responses,
which
often
attributed
ITH.
may
drug
heterogeneous
Complete
understanding
assist
designing
combinations
targeted
based
information
extracted
from
individual
tumors.
Frontiers in Genetics,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
9
Published: Dec. 18, 2018
Modification
of
DNA
bases
plays
vital
roles
in
the
epigenetic
control
gene
expression
both
animals
and
plants.
Though
much
attention
is
given
to
conventional
signature
5-methylcytosine
(5-mC),
field
epigenetics
attracting
increased
scientific
interest
through
discovery
additional
modifications
their
controlling
expression.
Theoretically,
each
can
be
modified;
however,
cytosine
adenine
only
are
known
so
far.
This
review
focuses
on
recent
findings
well-studied
yet
poorly
characterized
modification
which
serve
as
an
layer
regulation
discuss
potential
Cytosine
at
symmetric
(CG,
CHG)
asymmetric
(CHH)
contexts
a
key
feature.
In
addition
ROS1
family
mediated
demethylation,
Ten-Eleven
Translocation
proteins-mediated
hydroxylation
5-mC
5-hydroxymethylcytosine
active
demethylation
pathway
also
discussed.
The
marks
associated
with
several
cellular
developmental
processes,
pluripotency
stem
cells,
neuron
cell
development,
tumor
development
animals.
Therefore,
most
recently
discovered
N6-methyladenine,
mark
regulatory
potential,
described.
Interestingly,
these
newly
found
genomes
lack
canonical
5-mC,
signifying
independent
functions.
These
modified
considered
important
players
epigenomics.
for
combinatorial
interaction
among
suggests
that
codon
likely
substantially
more
complicated
than
it
thought
today.
