The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 99(4), P. 1877 - 2013

Published: Aug. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Language: Английский

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Induction of Colonic Regulatory T Cells by Indigenous Clostridium Species

Science, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 331(6015), P. 337 - 341

Published: Dec. 24, 2010

CD4(+) T regulatory cells (T(regs)), which express the Foxp3 transcription factor, play a critical role in maintenance of immune homeostasis. Here, we show that mice, T(regs) were most abundant colonic mucosa. The spore-forming component indigenous intestinal microbiota, particularly clusters IV and XIVa genus Clostridium, promoted T(reg) cell accumulation. Colonization mice by defined mix Clostridium strains provided an environment rich transforming growth factor-β affected Foxp3(+) number function colon. Oral inoculation during early life conventionally reared resulted resistance to colitis systemic immunoglobulin E responses adult suggesting new therapeutic approach autoimmunity allergy.

Language: Английский

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The Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Human Health: An Integrative View

Cell, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 148(6), P. 1258 - 1270

Published: March 1, 2012

Language: Английский

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The gut microbiota — masters of host development and physiology

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 11(4), P. 227 - 238

Published: Feb. 25, 2013

Language: Английский

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Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS

Nature Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 18(7), P. 965 - 977

Published: June 1, 2015

Language: Английский

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Treg induction by a rationally selected mixture of Clostridia strains from the human microbiota

Nature, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 500(7461), P. 232 - 236

Published: July 9, 2013

Language: Английский

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Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 110(9), P. 3229 - 3236

Published: Feb. 7, 2013

In the last two decades, widespread application of genetic and genomic approaches has revealed a bacterial world astonishing in its ubiquity diversity. This review examines how growing knowledge vast range animal–bacterial interactions, whether shared ecosystems or intimate symbioses, is fundamentally altering our understanding animal biology. Specifically, we highlight recent technological intellectual advances that have changed thinking about five questions: bacteria facilitated origin evolution animals; do animals affect each other’s genomes; does normal development depend on partners; homeostasis maintained between their symbionts; can ecological deepen multiple levels interaction. As answers to these fundamental questions emerge, all biologists will be challenged broaden appreciation interactions include investigations relationships among partners as seek better natural world.

Language: Английский

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Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 20 - 32

Published: Oct. 26, 2015

Language: Английский

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Inducible Foxp3 ⁺ regulatory T-cell development by a commensal bacterium of the intestinal microbiota

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 107(27), P. 12204 - 12209

Published: June 21, 2010

To maintain intestinal health, the immune system must faithfully respond to antigens from pathogenic microbes while limiting reactions self-molecules. The gastrointestinal tract represents a unique challenge system, as it is permanently colonized by diverse amalgam of bacterial phylotypes producing multitudes foreign microbial products. Evidence human and animal studies indicates that inflammatory bowel disease results uncontrolled inflammation microbiota. However, molecular mechanisms actively promote mucosal tolerance microbiota remain unknown. We report herein prominent commensal, Bacteroides fragilis , directs development Foxp3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) with “inducible” genetic signature. Monocolonization germ-free animals B. increases suppressive capacity Tregs induces anti-inflammatory cytokine production exclusively in gut. show immunomodulatory molecule, polysaccharide A (PSA), mediates conversion CD4 into Treg produce IL-10 during commensal colonization. Functional are also produced PSA inflammation, Toll-like receptor 2 signaling required for both induction expression. Most significantly, we not only able prevent, but cure experimental colitis animals. Our therefore demonstrate co-opts lineage differentiation pathway gut induce tolerance.

Language: Английский

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Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits

British Journal Of Nutrition, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 104(S2), P. S1 - S63

Published: Aug. 1, 2010

The different compartments of the gastrointestinal tract are inhabited by populations micro-organisms. By far most important predominant in colon where a true symbiosis with host exists that is key for well-being and health. For such microbiota, ‘normobiosis’ characterises composition gut ‘ecosystem’ which micro-organisms potential health benefits predominate number over potentially harmful ones, contrast to ‘dysbiosis’, one or few dominant, thus creating disease-prone situation. present document has been written group both academic industry experts (in ILSI Europe Prebiotic Expert Group Task Force, respectively). It does not aim propose new definition prebiotic nor identify food products classified as but rather validate expand original idea concept (that can be translated ‘prebiotic effects’), defined as: ‘The selective stimulation growth and/or activity(ies) limited microbial genus(era)/species microbiota confer(s) host.’ Thanks methodological fundamental research microbiologists, immense progress very recently made our understanding microbiota. A large human intervention studies have performed demonstrated dietary consumption certain result statistically significant changes line concept. Thus effect now well-established scientific fact. more data accumulating, it will recognised microbiota's composition, especially increase bifidobacteria, regarded marker intestinal review divided chapters cover major areas nutrition tentatively investigated benefits. shown associate modulation biomarkers immune system. Confirming adults, that, infant nutrition, includes change an faecal concentrations bifidobacteria. This concomitantly improves stool quality (pH, SCFA, frequency consistency), reduces risk gastroenteritis infections, general incidence allergic symptoms atopic eczema. Changes classically considered many factors involved pathogenesis either inflammatory bowel disease irritable syndrome. use particular tested clinical trials objective improve activity patients disorders. Promising beneficial effects some preliminary studies, including (especially bifidobacteria concentration). Often associated toxic load miscellaneous factors, cancer another pathology possible role hypothesised. Numerous experimental reported reduction tumours cancers after feeding specific effect. Some these (including trial) also conditions, was modified due increased concentration bifidobacteria). Dietary intake shown, adolescents, postmenopausal women, Ca absorption well bone accretion mineral density. Recent data, from models support properties on energy homaeostasis, satiety regulation body weight gain. Together, obese animals patients, hypothesis bifidobacteria) may contribute modulate metabolic processes syndrome X, obesity diabetes type 2. plausible, even though exclusive, linked microbiota-induced feasible conclude their mechanisms fit into However, remains definitively proven. As followed publication 15 years ago, become clear cause modification strengthens normobiosis could induce physiological extra-intestinal towards reducing dysbiosis systemic pathologies.

Language: Английский

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