Alternatively activated microglia and macrophages in the central nervous system

Progress in Neurobiology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 131, P. 65 - 86

Published: June 8, 2015

Language: Английский

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Characterization of phenotype markers and neuronotoxic potential of polarised primary microglia in vitro

Brain Behavior and Immunity, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 32, P. 70 - 85

Published: Feb. 27, 2013

Microglia mediate multiple facets of neuroinflammation, including cytotoxicity, repair, regeneration, and immunosuppression due to their ability acquire diverse activation states, or phenotypes. Modulation microglial phenotype is an appealing neurotherapeutic strategy but a comprehensive study classical more novel phenotypic markers in vitro lacking. The aim this was outline the temporal expression battery from polarised microglia generate tool for screening immunomodulatory potential compounds. We characterised thirty-one macrophage/microglial primary over time (4, 12, 36, 72 h), using RT-qPCR multiplex protein assay. Firstly, we selected Interleukin-4 (IL-4) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as strongest M1-M2 polarising stimuli, six stimuli tested. At each point, useful identify that were M1 included iNOS, Cox-2 IL-6 loss M2a markers. Markers quantifying M2b-immunomodulatory included, increased IL-1RA SOCS3 M2a-repair arginase-1, M2b discriminatory. Additional regulated at fewer points, are still likely important monitor when assessing therapies. Further, facilitate identification how treatments alter functional affects microglia, soluble products affected type rate neuronal death; M1/2b induced increasing M2a-induced decreasing loss. also assessed any effects prior state, provide way compound may depending on stage injury/insult progression. identified generally reduced switch M2a. Altogether, have profile mechanism outcome can use reference guide first-line therapies search viable neuroprotectants.

Language: Английский

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Multi-sensory Gamma Stimulation Ameliorates Alzheimer’s-Associated Pathology and Improves Cognition

Cell, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 177(2), P. 256 - 271.e22

Published: March 14, 2019

Language: Английский

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Cannabidiol: State of the art and new challenges for therapeutic applications

Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 175, P. 133 - 150

Published: Feb. 22, 2017

Language: Английский

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The role of inflammation and microglial activation in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders

Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 300, P. 141 - 154

Published: May 14, 2015

Language: Английский

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Redefining the Viral Reservoirs that Prevent HIV-1 Eradication

Immunity, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 37(3), P. 377 - 388

Published: Sept. 1, 2012

This Perspective proposes definitions for key terms in the field of HIV-1 latency and eradication. In context eradication, a reservoir is cell type that allows persistence replication-competent on timescale years patients optimal antiretroviral therapy. Reservoirs act as barrier to eradication patient population which cure attempts will likely be made. Halting viral replication essential criteria assessing whether this goal has been achieved are proposed. The types may serve reservoirs discussed. Currently, only latently infected resting CD4+ T cells fit proposed definition reservoir, more evidence necessary demonstrate other types, including hematopoietic stem macrophages, definition. Further research urgently required potential gut-associated lymphoid tissue central nervous system.

Language: Английский

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Neutralization of the IL-17 axis diminishes neutrophil invasion and protects from ischemic stroke

Blood, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 120(18), P. 3793 - 3802

Published: Sept. 15, 2012

Language: Английский

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Neuroinflammation in the central nervous system: Symphony of glial cells

Glia, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 67(6), P. 1017 - 1035

Published: Dec. 11, 2018

Abstract Neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) is an important subject of neuroimmunological research. Emerging evidence suggests that neuroinflammation a key player various neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases and CNS injury. complex well‐orchestrated process by groups glial cells peripheral immune cells. The cross‐talks between extremely dynamic which resembles symphony. However, understanding how interact with each other to shape distinctive responses remains limited. In this review, we will discuss joint actions three phases neuroinflammation, initiation, progression, prognosis, movements symphony, as role type depends on nature inflammatory cues specific course diseases. This perspective might provide helpful clues development early diagnosis therapeutic intervention

Language: Английский

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TMEM119 marks a subset of microglia in the human brain

Neuropathology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 36(1), P. 39 - 49

Published: Aug. 6, 2015

Microglia are resident myeloid cells of the central nervous system (CNS), activated in brains various neurological diseases. ontogenetically and functionally distinct from monocyte‐derived macrophages that infiltrate CNS under pathological conditions. However, a lack specific markers distinguish microglia circulating blood‐derived human brain tissues hampers accurate evaluation microglial contributions to pathology. By comparative analysis five comprehensive transcriptome datasets, we identified an evolutionarily conserved protein TMEM119 as most promising candidate for markers. was expressed on immortalized microglia, which expression levels were not elevated by exposure lipopolysaccharide, IFNγ, IL‐4, IL‐13 or TGFβ1. Notably, immunoreactivity exclusively subset Iba1 + CD68 with ramified amoeboid morphologies neurodegenerative diseases, such Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas infiltrating do express demyelinating lesions multiple sclerosis necrotic cerebral infarction. mRNA AD brains, although significantly different between non‐AD cases western blot morphometric analyses. TMEM119‐positive did consistently polarized M1 (CD80) M2 (CD163, CD209) brains. These results suggest serves reliable marker discriminates brain.

Language: Английский

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Microbiome–microglia connections via the gut–brain axis

The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 216(1), P. 41 - 59

Published: Nov. 1, 2018

Microglia, the resident immune cells in brain, are essential for modulating neurogenesis, influencing synaptic remodeling, and regulating neuroinflammation by surveying brain microenvironment. Microglial dysfunction has been implicated onset progression of several neurodevelopmental neurodegenerative diseases; however, multitude factors signals microglial activity have not fully elucidated. Microglia only respond to local within but also receive input from periphery, including gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Recent preclinical findings suggest that gut microbiome plays a pivotal role maturation function, altered microbial community composition reported neurological disorders with known involvement humans. Collectively, these bidirectional crosstalk between may influence disease pathogenesis. Herein, we discuss recent studies showing development function homeostatic conditions highlight possible future research develop novel treatments brain.

Language: Английский

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