Frontiers in Microbiology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: Jan. 25, 2023
The
gastrointestinal
tract
of
the
human
is
inhabited
by
about
5
×
10
13
bacteria
(of
1,000
species)
as
well
archaea,
fungi,
and
viruses.
Gut
microbiota
known
to
influence
host
organism,
but
may
also
affect
functioning
microbiota.
This
bidirectional
cooperation
occurs
in
three
main
inter-organ
signaling:
immune,
neural,
endocrine.
Immune
communication
relies
mostly
on
cytokines
released
immune
cells
into
circulation.
Also,
pathogen-associated
or
damage-associated
molecular
patterns
(PAMPs
DAMPs)
enter
circulation
internal
organs
gut
Neural
direct
anatomical
connections
made
vagus
nerve,
indirect
via
enteric
nervous
system.
third
pathway,
endocrine
communication,
broadest
one
includes
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
axis.
review
focuses
presenting
latest
data
role
with
particular
emphasis
neurotransmitters
(catecholamines,
serotonin,
gamma-aminobutyric
acid),
intestinal
peptides
(cholecystokinin,
peptide
YY,
glucagon-like
1),
bacterial
metabolites
(short-chain
fatty
acids).
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
99(4), P. 1877 - 2013
Published: Aug. 28, 2019
The
importance
of
the
gut-brain
axis
in
maintaining
homeostasis
has
long
been
appreciated.
However,
past
15
yr
have
seen
emergence
microbiota
(the
trillions
microorganisms
within
and
on
our
bodies)
as
one
key
regulators
function
led
to
appreciation
a
distinct
microbiota-gut-brain
axis.
This
is
gaining
ever
more
traction
fields
investigating
biological
physiological
basis
psychiatric,
neurodevelopmental,
age-related,
neurodegenerative
disorders.
brain
communicate
with
each
other
via
various
routes
including
immune
system,
tryptophan
metabolism,
vagus
nerve
enteric
nervous
involving
microbial
metabolites
such
short-chain
fatty
acids,
branched
chain
amino
peptidoglycans.
Many
factors
can
influence
composition
early
life,
infection,
mode
birth
delivery,
use
antibiotic
medications,
nature
nutritional
provision,
environmental
stressors,
host
genetics.
At
extreme
diversity
diminishes
aging.
Stress,
particular,
significantly
impact
at
all
stages
life.
Much
recent
work
implicated
gut
many
conditions
autism,
anxiety,
obesity,
schizophrenia,
Parkinson’s
disease,
Alzheimer’s
disease.
Animal
models
paramount
linking
regulation
fundamental
neural
processes,
neurogenesis
myelination,
microbiome
activation
microglia.
Moreover,
translational
human
studies
are
ongoing
will
greatly
enhance
field.
Future
focus
understanding
mechanisms
underlying
attempt
elucidate
microbial-based
intervention
therapeutic
strategies
for
neuropsychiatric
Cell Research,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
30(6), P. 492 - 506
Published: May 20, 2020
Abstract
The
interplay
between
the
commensal
microbiota
and
mammalian
immune
system
development
function
includes
multifold
interactions
in
homeostasis
disease.
microbiome
plays
critical
roles
training
of
major
components
host’s
innate
adaptive
system,
while
orchestrates
maintenance
key
features
host-microbe
symbiosis.
In
a
genetically
susceptible
host,
imbalances
microbiota-immunity
under
defined
environmental
contexts
are
believed
to
contribute
pathogenesis
multitude
immune-mediated
disorders.
Here,
we
review
microbiome-immunity
crosstalk
their
health
disease,
providing
examples
molecular
mechanisms
orchestrating
these
intestine
extra-intestinal
organs.
We
highlight
aspects
current
knowledge,
challenges
limitations
achieving
causal
understanding
host
immune-microbiome
interactions,
as
well
impact
on
diseases,
discuss
how
insights
may
translate
towards
future
microbiome-targeted
therapeutic
interventions.
Frontiers in Endocrinology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
11
Published: Jan. 31, 2020
A
substantial
body
of
evidence
supports
that
the
gut
microbiota
plays
a
pivotal
role
in
regulation
metabolic,
endocrine
and
immune
functions.
In
recent
years,
there
has
been
growing
recognition
involvement
modulation
multiple
neurochemical
pathways
through
highly
interconnected
gut-brain
axis.
Although
amazing
scientific
breakthroughs
over
last
few
years
have
expanded
our
knowledge
on
communication
between
microbes
their
hosts,
underpinnings
microbiota-gut-brain
crosstalk
remain
to
be
determined.
Short-chain
fatty
acids
(SCFAs),
main
metabolites
produced
colon
by
bacterial
fermentation
dietary
fibers
resistant
starch,
are
speculated
play
key
neuro-immunoendocrine
regulation.
However,
underlying
mechanisms
which
SCFAs
might
influence
brain
physiology
behavior
not
fully
elucidated.
this
review,
we
will
outline
current
about
interactions.
We
also
highlight
how
development
future
treatments
for
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
disorders
can
take
advantage
intimate
mutual
interactions
with
exploring
function.
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
100(1), P. 171 - 210
Published: Sept. 5, 2019
Fatty
acids
are
metabolized
and
synthesized
as
energy
substrates
during
biological
responses.
Long-
medium-chain
fatty
derived
mainly
from
dietary
triglycerides,
short-chain
(SCFAs)
produced
by
gut
microbial
fermentation
of
the
otherwise
indigestible
fiber,
constitute
major
sources
free
(FFAs)
in
metabolic
network.
Recently,
increasing
evidence
indicates
that
FFAs
serve
not
only
but
also
natural
ligands
for
a
group
orphan
G
protein-coupled
receptors
(GPCRs)
termed
acid
(FFARs),
essentially
intertwining
metabolism
immunity
multiple
ways,
such
via
inflammation
regulation
secretion
peptide
hormones.
To
date,
several
FFARs
activated
various
chain
lengths
have
been
identified
characterized.
In
particular,
FFAR1
(GPR40)
FFAR4
(GPR120)
long-chain
saturated
unsaturated
acids,
while
FFAR3
(GPR41)
FFAR2
(GPR43)
SCFAs,
acetate,
butyrate,
propionate.
this
review,
we
discuss
recent
reports
on
key
physiological
functions
FFAR-mediated
signaling
transduction
pathways
immune
We
attempt
to
reveal
future
research
opportunities
developing
therapeutics
disorders.
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
8(1)
Published: July 12, 2023
Abstract
Studies
in
neurodegenerative
diseases,
including
Alzheimer’s
disease,
Parkinson’s
disease
and
Amyotrophic
lateral
sclerosis,
Huntington’s
so
on,
have
suggested
that
inflammation
is
not
only
a
result
of
neurodegeneration
but
also
crucial
player
this
process.
Protein
aggregates
which
are
very
common
pathological
phenomenon
can
induce
neuroinflammation
further
aggravates
protein
aggregation
neurodegeneration.
Actually,
even
happens
earlier
than
aggregation.
Neuroinflammation
induced
by
genetic
variations
CNS
cells
or
peripheral
immune
may
deposition
some
susceptible
population.
Numerous
signaling
pathways
range
been
to
be
involved
the
pathogenesis
neurodegeneration,
although
they
still
far
from
being
completely
understood.
Due
limited
success
traditional
treatment
methods,
blocking
enhancing
inflammatory
considered
promising
strategies
for
therapy
many
them
got
exciting
results
animal
models
clinical
trials.
Some
them,
few,
approved
FDA
usage.
Here
we
comprehensively
review
factors
affecting
major
pathogenicity
sclerosis.
We
summarize
current
strategies,
both
clinic,
diseases.
Annual Review of Immunology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
39(1), P. 251 - 277
Published: Feb. 9, 2021
The
immune
system
of
the
central
nervous
(CNS)
consists
primarily
innate
cells.
These
are
highly
specialized
macrophages
found
either
in
parenchyma,
called
microglia,
or
at
CNS
interfaces,
such
as
leptomeningeal,
perivascular,
and
choroid
plexus
macrophages.
While
they
were
thought
phagocytes,
their
function
extends
well
beyond
simple
removal
cell
debris
during
development
diseases.
Brain-resident
cells
to
be
plastic,
long-lived,
host
an
outstanding
number
risk
genes
for
multiple
pathologies.
As
a
result,
now
considered
most
suitable
targets
modulating
Additionally,
recent
single-cell
technologies
enhanced
our
molecular
understanding
origins,
fates,
interactomes,
functional
statesduring
health
perturbation.
Here,
we
review
current
state
challenges
myeloid
biology
treatment
options
related
