Role of microorganisms in the evolution of animals and plants: the hologenome theory of evolution

FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Journal Year: 2008, Volume and Issue: 32(5), P. 723 - 735

Published: June 11, 2008

We present here the hologenome theory of evolution, which considers holobiont (the animal or plant with all its associated microorganisms) as a unit selection in evolution. The is defined sum genetic information host and microbiota. based on four generalizations: (1) All animals plants establish symbiotic relationships microorganisms. (2) Symbiotic microorganisms are transmitted between generations. (3) association symbionts affects fitness within environment. (4) Variation can be brought about by changes either microbiota genomes; under environmental stress, microbial community change rapidly. These points taken together suggest that wealth diverse play an important role both adaptation evolution higher organisms. During periods rapid environment, symbiont aid surviving, multiplying buying time necessary for genome to evolve. distinguishing feature it part evolving holobiont. Thus, fits framework 'superorganism' proposed Wilson Sober.

Language: Английский

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Algae–bacteria interactions: Evolution, ecology and emerging applications

Biotechnology Advances, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 34(1), P. 14 - 29

Published: Dec. 4, 2015

Algae and bacteria have coexisted ever since the early stages of evolution. This coevolution has revolutionized life on earth in many aspects. together influence ecosystems as varied deep seas to lichens represent all conceivable modes interactions - from mutualism parasitism. Several studies shown that algae synergistically affect each other's physiology metabolism, a classic case being algae-roseobacter interaction. These are ubiquitous define primary productivity most ecosystems. In recent years, received much attention for industrial exploitation but their interaction with is often considered contamination during commercialization. A few not only enhance algal growth also help flocculation, both essential processes biotechnology. Hence, there need understand these an evolutionary ecological standpoint, integrate this understanding use. Here we reflect diversity such relationships associated mechanisms, well habitats they mutually influence. review outlines role key events endosymbiosis, besides biogeochemical cycles. Finally, focus extending algal-bacterial various environmental bio-technological applications.

Language: Английский

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Host Biology in Light of the Microbiome: Ten Principles of Holobionts and Hologenomes

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 13(8), P. e1002226 - e1002226

Published: Aug. 18, 2015

Groundbreaking research on the universality and diversity of microorganisms is now challenging life sciences to upgrade fundamental theories that once seemed untouchable. To fully appreciate change field undergoing, one has place epochs foundational principles Darwin, Mendel, modern synthesis in light current advances are enabling a new vision for central importance microbiology. Animals plants no longer heralded as autonomous entities but rather biomolecular networks composed host plus its associated microbes, i.e., "holobionts." As such, their collective genomes forge "hologenome," models animal plant biology do not account these intergenomic associations incomplete. Here, we integrate concepts into historical contemporary visions summarize predictive refutable framework evaluation. Specifically, present ten clarify append what not, explain how they both support extend existing theory sciences, discuss potential ramifications multifaceted approaches zoology botany. We anticipate conceptual evidence-based foundation provided this essay will serve roadmap hypothesis-driven, experimentally validated holobionts hologenomes, thereby catalyzing continued fusion biology's subdisciplines. At time when symbiotic microbes recognized all aspects biology, holobiont hologenome afford holistic view biological complexity consistent with generally reductionist biology.

Language: Английский

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A Symbiotic View of Life: We Have Never Been Individuals

The Quarterly Review of Biology, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 87(4), P. 325 - 341

Published: Dec. 1, 2012

The notion of the "biological individual" is crucial to studies genetics, immunology, evolution, development, anatomy, and physiology. Each these biological subdisciplines has a specific conception individuality, which historically provided conceptual contexts for integrating newly acquired data. During past decade, nucleic acid analysis, especially genomic sequencing high-throughput RNA techniques, challenged each disciplinary definitions by finding significant interactions animals plants with symbiotic microorganisms that disrupt boundaries heretofore had characterized individual. Animals cannot be considered individuals anatomical or physiological criteria because diversity symbionts are both present functional in completing metabolic pathways serving other functions. Similarly, new have shown animal development incomplete without symbionts. Symbionts also constitute second mode genetic inheritance, providing selectable variation natural selection. immune system develops, part, dialogue thereby functions as mechanism microbes into animal-cell community. Recognizing "holobiont"--the multicellular eukaryote plus its colonies persistent symbionts--as critically important unit physiology, evolution opens up investigative avenues conceptually challenges ways living entities.

Language: Английский

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Cellular mechanisms of Cnidarian bleaching: stress causes the collapse of symbiosis

Journal of Experimental Biology, Journal Year: 2008, Volume and Issue: 211(19), P. 3059 - 3066

Published: Sept. 19, 2008

SUMMARY Cnidarian bleaching is a breakdown in the mutualistic symbiosis between host Cnidarians, such as reef building corals, and their unicellular photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbionts. Bleaching caused by variety of environmental stressors, most notably elevated temperatures associated with global climate change conjunction high solar radiation, it major contributor to coral death degradation. This review examines underlying cellular events that lead dysfunction cause bleaching, emphasizing that, date, we have only some pieces complex jigsaw puzzle. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated damage both mitochondrial membranes, shown play central role injury partners inter-partner communication stress response. Evidence presented suggests innate immune response compromised symbiont, much like responses other host–microbe interactions. Finally, elimination or exit symbiont from tissues described through mechanisms including exocytosis, cell detachment apoptosis.

Language: Английский

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Metagenomic analysis of stressed coral holobionts

Environmental Microbiology, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 11(8), P. 2148 - 2163

Published: April 22, 2009

The coral holobiont is the community of metazoans, protists and microbes associated with scleractinian corals. Disruptions in these associations have been correlated disease, but little known about series events involved shift from mutualism to pathogenesis. To evaluate structural functional changes microbial communities, Porites compressa was exposed four stressors: increased temperature, elevated nutrients, dissolved organic carbon loading reduced pH. Microbial metagenomic samples were collected pyrosequenced. Functional gene analysis demonstrated that stressors abundance genes virulence, stress resistance, sulfur nitrogen metabolism, motility chemotaxis, fatty acid lipid utilization, secondary metabolism. Relative taxonomy also coral-associated microbiota (Archaea, Bacteria, protists) shifted a healthy-associated (e.g. Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria zooxanthellae Symbiodinium) Bacteriodetes, Fusobacteria Fungi) often found on diseased Additionally, low-abundance Vibrio spp. significantly alter microbiome suggesting contribution just few members can profoundly health status holobiont.

Language: Английский

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The seaweed holobiont: understanding seaweed–bacteria interactions

FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 37(3), P. 462 - 476

Published: Nov. 16, 2012

Seaweeds (macroalgae) form a diverse and ubiquitous group of photosynthetic organisms that play an essential role in aquatic ecosystems. These ecosystem engineers contribute significantly to global primary production are the major habitat formers on rocky shores temperate waters, providing food shelter for life. Like other eukaryotic organisms, macroalgae harbor rich diversity associated microorganisms with functions related host health defense. In particular, epiphytic bacterial communities have been reported as normal morphological development algal host, bacteria antifouling properties thought protect chemically undefended from detrimental, secondary colonization by microscopic macroscopic epibiota. This tight relationship suggests interact unified functional entity or holobiont, analogous previously suggested corals. Moreover, given impact diseases marine ecosystems is apparently increasing, understanding saprophytes pathogens seaweed may important implications management strategies. review reports recent advances macroalgal-bacterial interactions reference maintaining health, highlighting holobiont concept.

Language: Английский

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Microbial genes, brain & behaviour - epigenetic regulation of the gut-brain axis

Genes Brain & Behavior, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 13(1), P. 69 - 86

Published: Nov. 28, 2013

To date, there is rapidly increasing evidence for host-microbe interaction at virtually all levels of complexity, ranging from direct cell-to-cell communication to extensive systemic signalling, and involving various organs organ systems, including the central nervous system. As such, discovery that differential microbial composition associated with alterations in behaviour cognition has significantly contributed establishing microbiota-gut-brain axis as an extension well-accepted gut-brain concept. Many efforts have been focused on delineating a role this health disease, stress-related disorders such depression, anxiety irritable bowel syndrome neurodevelopmental autism. There also growing appreciation epigenetic mechanisms shaping brain behaviour. However, epigenetics informing interactions received little attention date. This despite fact are many plausible routes between host-microbiota dialogue. From new perspective we put forward novel, yet testable, hypotheses. Firstly, suggest gut-microbial products can affect chromatin plasticity within their host's turn leads changes neuronal transcription eventually alters host Secondly, argue microbiota important mediator gene-environment interactions. Finally, reason itself may be viewed entity. In conclusion, fields (neuro)epigenetics microbiology converging more interdisciplinary studies necessary unravel full range interaction.

Language: Английский

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Bacterial community dynamics are linked to patterns of coral heat tolerance

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: Feb. 10, 2017

Abstract Ocean warming threatens corals and the coral reef ecosystem. Nevertheless, can be adapted to their thermal environment inherit heat tolerance across generations. In addition, diverse microbes that associate with have capacity for more rapid change, potentially aiding adaptation of long-lived corals. Here, we show microbiome is different thermally variable habitats changes over time when are reciprocally transplanted. Exposing these bleaching conditions heat-sensitive corals, but not heat-tolerant growing in natural high extremes. Importantly, particular bacterial taxa predict host response a short-term stress experiment. Such associations could result from parallel responses microbial community living at temperatures. A competing hypothesis causally linked.

Language: Английский

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Sunscreens Cause Coral Bleaching by Promoting Viral Infections

Environmental Health Perspectives, Journal Year: 2008, Volume and Issue: 116(4), P. 441 - 447

Published: Jan. 3, 2008

Coral bleaching (i.e., the release of coral symbiotic zooxanthellae) has negative impacts on biodiversity and functioning reef ecosystems their production goods services. This increasing world-wide phenomenon is associated with temperature anomalies, high irradiance, pollution, bacterial diseases. Recently, it been demonstrated that personal care products, including sunscreens, have an impact aquatic organisms similar to other contaminants.Our goal was evaluate potential sunscreen ingredients hard corals algae.In situ laboratory experiments were conducted in several tropical regions (the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific Oceans, Red Sea) by supplementing branches aliquots sunscreens common ultraviolet filters contained formula. Zooxanthellae checked for viral infection epifluorescence transmission electron microscopy analyses.Sunscreens cause rapid complete corals, even at extremely low concentrations. The effect due organic filters, which are able induce lytic cycle zooxanthellae latent infections.We conclude promoting infection, potentially play important role areas prone levels recreational use humans.

Language: Английский

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