Microbiome,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
7(1)
Published: Jan. 11, 2019
In
the
recent
years,
holobiont
concept
has
emerged
as
a
theoretical
and
experimental
framework
to
study
interactions
between
hosts
their
associated
microbial
communities
in
all
types
of
ecosystems.
The
spread
this
many
branches
biology
results
from
fairly
realization
ubiquitous
nature
host-associated
microbes
central
role
host
biology,
ecology,
evolution.
Through
special
series
"Host-microbiota
interactions:
theory
analysis,"
we
wanted
promote
field
research
which
considerable
implications
for
human
health,
food
production,
ecosystem
protection.
preface,
highlight
collection
articles
selected
issue
that
show,
use,
or
debate
approach
taxonomically
ecologically
diverse
organisms,
humans
plants
sponges
insects.
We
also
identify
some
methodological
challenges
propose
directions
future
on
holobionts.
FEMS Microbiology Reviews,
Journal Year:
2008,
Volume and Issue:
32(5), P. 723 - 735
Published: June 11, 2008
We
present
here
the
hologenome
theory
of
evolution,
which
considers
holobiont
(the
animal
or
plant
with
all
its
associated
microorganisms)
as
a
unit
selection
in
evolution.
The
is
defined
sum
genetic
information
host
and
microbiota.
based
on
four
generalizations:
(1)
All
animals
plants
establish
symbiotic
relationships
microorganisms.
(2)
Symbiotic
microorganisms
are
transmitted
between
generations.
(3)
association
symbionts
affects
fitness
within
environment.
(4)
Variation
can
be
brought
about
by
changes
either
microbiota
genomes;
under
environmental
stress,
microbial
community
change
rapidly.
These
points
taken
together
suggest
that
wealth
diverse
play
an
important
role
both
adaptation
evolution
higher
organisms.
During
periods
rapid
environment,
symbiont
aid
surviving,
multiplying
buying
time
necessary
for
genome
to
evolve.
distinguishing
feature
it
part
evolving
holobiont.
Thus,
fits
framework
'superorganism'
proposed
Wilson
Sober.
Biotechnology Advances,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
34(1), P. 14 - 29
Published: Dec. 4, 2015
Algae
and
bacteria
have
coexisted
ever
since
the
early
stages
of
evolution.
This
coevolution
has
revolutionized
life
on
earth
in
many
aspects.
together
influence
ecosystems
as
varied
deep
seas
to
lichens
represent
all
conceivable
modes
interactions
-
from
mutualism
parasitism.
Several
studies
shown
that
algae
synergistically
affect
each
other's
physiology
metabolism,
a
classic
case
being
algae-roseobacter
interaction.
These
are
ubiquitous
define
primary
productivity
most
ecosystems.
In
recent
years,
received
much
attention
for
industrial
exploitation
but
their
interaction
with
is
often
considered
contamination
during
commercialization.
A
few
not
only
enhance
algal
growth
also
help
flocculation,
both
essential
processes
biotechnology.
Hence,
there
need
understand
these
an
evolutionary
ecological
standpoint,
integrate
this
understanding
use.
Here
we
reflect
diversity
such
relationships
associated
mechanisms,
well
habitats
they
mutually
influence.
review
outlines
role
key
events
endosymbiosis,
besides
biogeochemical
cycles.
Finally,
focus
extending
algal-bacterial
various
environmental
bio-technological
applications.
PLoS Biology,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
13(8), P. e1002226 - e1002226
Published: Aug. 18, 2015
Groundbreaking
research
on
the
universality
and
diversity
of
microorganisms
is
now
challenging
life
sciences
to
upgrade
fundamental
theories
that
once
seemed
untouchable.
To
fully
appreciate
change
field
undergoing,
one
has
place
epochs
foundational
principles
Darwin,
Mendel,
modern
synthesis
in
light
current
advances
are
enabling
a
new
vision
for
central
importance
microbiology.
Animals
plants
no
longer
heralded
as
autonomous
entities
but
rather
biomolecular
networks
composed
host
plus
its
associated
microbes,
i.e.,
"holobionts."
As
such,
their
collective
genomes
forge
"hologenome,"
models
animal
plant
biology
do
not
account
these
intergenomic
associations
incomplete.
Here,
we
integrate
concepts
into
historical
contemporary
visions
summarize
predictive
refutable
framework
evaluation.
Specifically,
present
ten
clarify
append
what
not,
explain
how
they
both
support
extend
existing
theory
sciences,
discuss
potential
ramifications
multifaceted
approaches
zoology
botany.
We
anticipate
conceptual
evidence-based
foundation
provided
this
essay
will
serve
roadmap
hypothesis-driven,
experimentally
validated
holobionts
hologenomes,
thereby
catalyzing
continued
fusion
biology's
subdisciplines.
At
time
when
symbiotic
microbes
recognized
all
aspects
biology,
holobiont
hologenome
afford
holistic
view
biological
complexity
consistent
with
generally
reductionist
biology.
The Quarterly Review of Biology,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
87(4), P. 325 - 341
Published: Dec. 1, 2012
The
notion
of
the
"biological
individual"
is
crucial
to
studies
genetics,
immunology,
evolution,
development,
anatomy,
and
physiology.
Each
these
biological
subdisciplines
has
a
specific
conception
individuality,
which
historically
provided
conceptual
contexts
for
integrating
newly
acquired
data.
During
past
decade,
nucleic
acid
analysis,
especially
genomic
sequencing
high-throughput
RNA
techniques,
challenged
each
disciplinary
definitions
by
finding
significant
interactions
animals
plants
with
symbiotic
microorganisms
that
disrupt
boundaries
heretofore
had
characterized
individual.
Animals
cannot
be
considered
individuals
anatomical
or
physiological
criteria
because
diversity
symbionts
are
both
present
functional
in
completing
metabolic
pathways
serving
other
functions.
Similarly,
new
have
shown
animal
development
incomplete
without
symbionts.
Symbionts
also
constitute
second
mode
genetic
inheritance,
providing
selectable
variation
natural
selection.
immune
system
develops,
part,
dialogue
thereby
functions
as
mechanism
microbes
into
animal-cell
community.
Recognizing
"holobiont"--the
multicellular
eukaryote
plus
its
colonies
persistent
symbionts--as
critically
important
unit
physiology,
evolution
opens
up
investigative
avenues
conceptually
challenges
ways
living
entities.
Journal of Experimental Biology,
Journal Year:
2008,
Volume and Issue:
211(19), P. 3059 - 3066
Published: Sept. 19, 2008
SUMMARY
Cnidarian
bleaching
is
a
breakdown
in
the
mutualistic
symbiosis
between
host
Cnidarians,
such
as
reef
building
corals,
and
their
unicellular
photosynthetic
dinoflagellate
symbionts.
Bleaching
caused
by
variety
of
environmental
stressors,
most
notably
elevated
temperatures
associated
with
global
climate
change
conjunction
high
solar
radiation,
it
major
contributor
to
coral
death
degradation.
This
review
examines
underlying
cellular
events
that
lead
dysfunction
cause
bleaching,
emphasizing
that,
date,
we
have
only
some
pieces
complex
jigsaw
puzzle.
Reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS),
generated
damage
both
mitochondrial
membranes,
shown
play
central
role
injury
partners
inter-partner
communication
stress
response.
Evidence
presented
suggests
innate
immune
response
compromised
symbiont,
much
like
responses
other
host–microbe
interactions.
Finally,
elimination
or
exit
symbiont
from
tissues
described
through
mechanisms
including
exocytosis,
cell
detachment
apoptosis.
Environmental Microbiology,
Journal Year:
2009,
Volume and Issue:
11(8), P. 2148 - 2163
Published: April 22, 2009
The
coral
holobiont
is
the
community
of
metazoans,
protists
and
microbes
associated
with
scleractinian
corals.
Disruptions
in
these
associations
have
been
correlated
disease,
but
little
known
about
series
events
involved
shift
from
mutualism
to
pathogenesis.
To
evaluate
structural
functional
changes
microbial
communities,
Porites
compressa
was
exposed
four
stressors:
increased
temperature,
elevated
nutrients,
dissolved
organic
carbon
loading
reduced
pH.
Microbial
metagenomic
samples
were
collected
pyrosequenced.
Functional
gene
analysis
demonstrated
that
stressors
abundance
genes
virulence,
stress
resistance,
sulfur
nitrogen
metabolism,
motility
chemotaxis,
fatty
acid
lipid
utilization,
secondary
metabolism.
Relative
taxonomy
also
coral-associated
microbiota
(Archaea,
Bacteria,
protists)
shifted
a
healthy-associated
(e.g.
Cyanobacteria,
Proteobacteria
zooxanthellae
Symbiodinium)
Bacteriodetes,
Fusobacteria
Fungi)
often
found
on
diseased
Additionally,
low-abundance
Vibrio
spp.
significantly
alter
microbiome
suggesting
contribution
just
few
members
can
profoundly
health
status
holobiont.
FEMS Microbiology Reviews,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
37(3), P. 462 - 476
Published: Nov. 16, 2012
Seaweeds
(macroalgae)
form
a
diverse
and
ubiquitous
group
of
photosynthetic
organisms
that
play
an
essential
role
in
aquatic
ecosystems.
These
ecosystem
engineers
contribute
significantly
to
global
primary
production
are
the
major
habitat
formers
on
rocky
shores
temperate
waters,
providing
food
shelter
for
life.
Like
other
eukaryotic
organisms,
macroalgae
harbor
rich
diversity
associated
microorganisms
with
functions
related
host
health
defense.
In
particular,
epiphytic
bacterial
communities
have
been
reported
as
normal
morphological
development
algal
host,
bacteria
antifouling
properties
thought
protect
chemically
undefended
from
detrimental,
secondary
colonization
by
microscopic
macroscopic
epibiota.
This
tight
relationship
suggests
interact
unified
functional
entity
or
holobiont,
analogous
previously
suggested
corals.
Moreover,
given
impact
diseases
marine
ecosystems
is
apparently
increasing,
understanding
saprophytes
pathogens
seaweed
may
important
implications
management
strategies.
review
reports
recent
advances
macroalgal-bacterial
interactions
reference
maintaining
health,
highlighting
holobiont
concept.
Genes Brain & Behavior,
Journal Year:
2013,
Volume and Issue:
13(1), P. 69 - 86
Published: Nov. 28, 2013
To
date,
there
is
rapidly
increasing
evidence
for
host-microbe
interaction
at
virtually
all
levels
of
complexity,
ranging
from
direct
cell-to-cell
communication
to
extensive
systemic
signalling,
and
involving
various
organs
organ
systems,
including
the
central
nervous
system.
As
such,
discovery
that
differential
microbial
composition
associated
with
alterations
in
behaviour
cognition
has
significantly
contributed
establishing
microbiota-gut-brain
axis
as
an
extension
well-accepted
gut-brain
concept.
Many
efforts
have
been
focused
on
delineating
a
role
this
health
disease,
stress-related
disorders
such
depression,
anxiety
irritable
bowel
syndrome
neurodevelopmental
autism.
There
also
growing
appreciation
epigenetic
mechanisms
shaping
brain
behaviour.
However,
epigenetics
informing
interactions
received
little
attention
date.
This
despite
fact
are
many
plausible
routes
between
host-microbiota
dialogue.
From
new
perspective
we
put
forward
novel,
yet
testable,
hypotheses.
Firstly,
suggest
gut-microbial
products
can
affect
chromatin
plasticity
within
their
host's
turn
leads
changes
neuronal
transcription
eventually
alters
host
Secondly,
argue
microbiota
important
mediator
gene-environment
interactions.
Finally,
reason
itself
may
be
viewed
entity.
In
conclusion,
fields
(neuro)epigenetics
microbiology
converging
more
interdisciplinary
studies
necessary
unravel
full
range
interaction.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
8(1)
Published: Feb. 10, 2017
Abstract
Ocean
warming
threatens
corals
and
the
coral
reef
ecosystem.
Nevertheless,
can
be
adapted
to
their
thermal
environment
inherit
heat
tolerance
across
generations.
In
addition,
diverse
microbes
that
associate
with
have
capacity
for
more
rapid
change,
potentially
aiding
adaptation
of
long-lived
corals.
Here,
we
show
microbiome
is
different
thermally
variable
habitats
changes
over
time
when
are
reciprocally
transplanted.
Exposing
these
bleaching
conditions
heat-sensitive
corals,
but
not
heat-tolerant
growing
in
natural
high
extremes.
Importantly,
particular
bacterial
taxa
predict
host
response
a
short-term
stress
experiment.
Such
associations
could
result
from
parallel
responses
microbial
community
living
at
temperatures.
A
competing
hypothesis
causally
linked.
Environmental Health Perspectives,
Journal Year:
2008,
Volume and Issue:
116(4), P. 441 - 447
Published: Jan. 3, 2008
Coral
bleaching
(i.e.,
the
release
of
coral
symbiotic
zooxanthellae)
has
negative
impacts
on
biodiversity
and
functioning
reef
ecosystems
their
production
goods
services.
This
increasing
world-wide
phenomenon
is
associated
with
temperature
anomalies,
high
irradiance,
pollution,
bacterial
diseases.
Recently,
it
been
demonstrated
that
personal
care
products,
including
sunscreens,
have
an
impact
aquatic
organisms
similar
to
other
contaminants.Our
goal
was
evaluate
potential
sunscreen
ingredients
hard
corals
algae.In
situ
laboratory
experiments
were
conducted
in
several
tropical
regions
(the
Atlantic,
Indian,
Pacific
Oceans,
Red
Sea)
by
supplementing
branches
aliquots
sunscreens
common
ultraviolet
filters
contained
formula.
Zooxanthellae
checked
for
viral
infection
epifluorescence
transmission
electron
microscopy
analyses.Sunscreens
cause
rapid
complete
corals,
even
at
extremely
low
concentrations.
The
effect
due
organic
filters,
which
are
able
induce
lytic
cycle
zooxanthellae
latent
infections.We
conclude
promoting
infection,
potentially
play
important
role
areas
prone
levels
recreational
use
humans.