Cell Biology of Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Symbiosis

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 76(2), P. 229 - 261

Published: June 1, 2012

The symbiosis between cnidarians (e.g., corals or sea anemones) and intracellular dinoflagellate algae of the genus Symbiodinium is immense ecological importance. In particular, this promotes growth survival reef in nutrient-poor tropical waters; indeed, coral reefs could not exist without symbiosis. However, our fundamental understanding cnidarian-dinoflagellate its links to calcification remains poor. Here we review what currently know about cell biology doing so, aim refocus attention on cellular aspects that have been somewhat neglected since early mid-1980s, when a more approach began dominate. We four major processes believe underlie various phases establishment persistence cnidarian/coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis: (i) recognition phagocytosis, (ii) regulation host-symbiont biomass, (iii) metabolic exchange nutrient trafficking, (iv) calcification. Where appropriate, draw upon examples from range cnidarian-alga symbioses, including green Hydra chlorophyte symbiont, which has considerable potential inform Ultimately, provide comprehensive overview history field, current status, where it should be going future.

Language: Английский

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Using the Acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change

Nature, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 476(7360), P. 320 - 323

Published: July 24, 2011

Coral reefs are among the most biologically diverse ecosystems on planet and of great economic importance. They under threat because scleractinian corals at their core susceptible to ocean acidification rising seawater temperatures. The genome reef-building coral Acropora digitifera has been analysed with a view understanding molecular basis symbiosis responses environmental change. seems have lost key enzyme cysteine biosynthesis, so may be dependent its symbionts for this amino acid. It contains several genes roles in protection from ultraviolet light that acquired by horizontal transfer prokaryotic organisms. coral's innate immunity repertoire is more complex than solitary sea anemone, suggesting some these involved or coloniality. Despite enormous ecological importance reefs, keystone organisms establishment, corals, increasingly face range anthropogenic challenges including temperature rise1,2,3,4. To understand better mechanisms underlying biology, here we decoded approximately 420-megabase using next-generation sequencing technology. This 23,700 gene models. Molecular phylogenetics indicate anemone Nematostella vectensis diverged 500 million years ago, considerably earlier time over which modern represented fossil record (∼240 ago)5. long evolutionary history endosymbiosis, no evidence was found symbiont host. However, unlike other lack an essential implying dependency Corals inhabit environments where they frequently exposed high levels solar radiation, analysis data indicates host can independently carry out de novo synthesis mycosporine-like acids, potent ultraviolet-protective compounds. In addition, notably indicating A number putative calcification were identified, restricted corals. provides platform changes.

Language: Английский

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Living in the Now: Physiological Mechanisms to Tolerate a Rapidly Changing Environment

Annual Review of Physiology, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 72(1), P. 127 - 145

Published: Feb. 11, 2010

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide has resulted in scientific projections of changes global temperatures, climate general, and surface seawater chemistry. Although the consequences to ecosystems communities metazoans are only beginning be revealed, a key forecasting expected animal is an understanding species' vulnerability changing environment. For example, environmental stressors may affect particular species by driving that organism outside tolerance window, altering costs metabolic processes under new conditions, or patterns development reproduction. Implicit all these examples foundational physiological mechanisms how driver (e.g., temperature ocean acidification) will transduced through alter tolerances performance. In this review, we highlight mechanisms, focusing on those underlying plasticity, operate contemporary organisms as means consider responses available future.

Language: Английский

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Do fluctuating temperature environments elevate coral thermal tolerance?

Coral Reefs, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 30(2), P. 429 - 440

Published: Feb. 1, 2011

Language: Английский

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Shifting paradigms in restoration of the world's coral reefs

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 23(9), P. 3437 - 3448

Published: March 1, 2017

Abstract Many ecosystems around the world are rapidly deteriorating due to both local and global pressures, perhaps none so precipitously as coral reefs. Management of reefs through maintenance (e.g., marine‐protected areas, catchment management improve water quality), restoration, well national governmental agreements reduce greenhouse gas emissions 2015 Paris Agreement) is critical for persistence Despite these initiatives, health abundance corals declining other solutions will soon be required. We have recently discussed options using assisted evolution (i.e., selective breeding, gene flow, conditioning or epigenetic programming, manipulation microbiome) a means enhance environmental stress tolerance success reef restoration efforts. The 2014–2016 bleaching event has sharpened focus on such interventionist approaches. highlight necessity consideration alternative hybrid) ecosystem states, discuss traits resilient ecosystems, propose decision tree incorporating into initiatives climate resilience

Language: Английский

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Effects of conventional and biodegradable microplastics on a marine ecosystem engineer (Arenicola marina) and sediment nutrient cycling

Environmental Pollution, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 208, P. 426 - 434

Published: Nov. 6, 2015

Language: Английский

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Gene expression plasticity as a mechanism of coral adaptation to a variable environment

Nature Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 1(1)

Published: Nov. 4, 2016

Language: Английский

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Profiling gene expression responses of coral larvae (Acropora millepora) to elevated temperature and settlement inducers using a novel RNA-Seq procedure

Molecular Ecology, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. no - no

Published: July 1, 2011

Elevated temperatures resulting from climate change pose a clear threat to reef-building corals; however, the traits that might influence corals' survival and dispersal during remain poorly understood. Global gene expression profiling is powerful hypothesis-forming tool can help elucidate these traits. Here, we applied novel RNA-Seq protocol study molecular responses heat settlement inducers in aposymbiotic larvae of coral Acropora millepora. This analysis single full-sibling family revealed contrasting between short- (4-h) long-term (5-day) exposures elevated temperatures. Heat shock proteins were up-regulated only short-term treatment, while treatment induced down-regulation ribosomal up-regulation genes associated with ion transport metabolism (Ca(2+) CO(3)(2-)). We also profiled cues using natural cue (crustose coralline algae, CCA) synthetic neuropeptide (GLW-amide). Both resulted metamorphosis, accompanied by differential known developmental roles. Some regulated cue, which may correspond recruitment-associated behaviour morphology changes precede metamorphosis under CCA but are bypassed GLW-amide treatment. Validation profiles qPCR confirmed quantitative accuracy our approach. Importantly, different larval families extensive variation depending on genetic background, including qualitative differences (i.e. one another). Future studies corals will have address this variation, could important adaptive consequences for global change.

Language: Английский

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Change in algal symbiont communities after bleaching, not prior heat exposure, increases heat tolerance of reef corals

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 21(1), P. 236 - 249

Published: Aug. 6, 2014

Abstract Mutualistic organisms can be particularly susceptible to climate change stress, as their survivorship is often limited by the most vulnerable partner. However, symbiotic plasticity also help in changing environments expanding realized niche space. Coral–algal ( Symbiodinium spp.) symbiosis exemplifies this dichotomy: partnership highly ‘bleaching’ (stress‐induced breakdown), but stress‐tolerant symbionts sometimes mitigate bleaching. Here, we investigate role of diverse and mutable partnerships increasing corals' ability thrive high temperature conditions. We conducted repeat bleaching recovery experiments on coral Montastraea cavernosa , used quantitative PCR chlorophyll fluorometry assess structure function communities within hosts. During an initial heat exposure (32 °C for 10 days), corals hosting only stress‐sensitive C3) bleached, recovered (at either 24 or 29 °C) with predominantly (>90%) D1a), which were not detected before (either due absence extreme low abundance). When a second stress (also 32 days) was applied 3 months later, that previously bleached now dominated D1a experienced less photodamage symbiont loss compared control had been therefore still C3. Additional initially without herbicide DCMU at symbionts, similarly lost fewer during subsequent thermal stress. Increased thermotolerance observed C3‐dominated acclimated warmer temperatures (29 These findings indicate increased post‐bleaching resulted from community composition changes, prior exposure. Moreover, undetectable became dominant after bleaching, critical resilience resistance future

Language: Английский

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Genomes of coral dinoflagellate symbionts highlight evolutionary adaptations conducive to a symbiotic lifestyle

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: Dec. 22, 2016

Abstract Despite half a century of research, the biology dinoflagellates remains enigmatic: they defy many functional and genetic traits attributed to typical eukaryotic cells. Genomic approaches study are often stymied due their large, multi-gigabase genomes. Members genus Symbiodinium photosynthetic endosymbionts stony corals that provide foundation coral reef ecosystems. Their smaller genome sizes an opportunity interrogate evolution functionality dinoflagellate genomes endosymbiosis. We sequenced ancestral microadriaticum compared it more derived minutum kawagutii eukaryote model systems as well transcriptomes from other dinoflagellates. Comparative analyses transcriptome protein sets show all dinoflagellates, not only , possess significantly transmembrane transporters involved in exchange amino acids, lipids, glycerol than eukaryotes. Importantly, we find harbor extensive transporter repertoire associated with provisioning carbon nitrogen. Analyses these species-specific expansions, which provides genomic basis explain differential compatibilities array hosts environments, highlights putative importance gene duplications evolutionary mechanism .

Language: Английский

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