Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 110(9), P. 3229 - 3236

Published: Feb. 7, 2013

In the last two decades, widespread application of genetic and genomic approaches has revealed a bacterial world astonishing in its ubiquity diversity. This review examines how growing knowledge vast range animal–bacterial interactions, whether shared ecosystems or intimate symbioses, is fundamentally altering our understanding animal biology. Specifically, we highlight recent technological intellectual advances that have changed thinking about five questions: bacteria facilitated origin evolution animals; do animals affect each other’s genomes; does normal development depend on partners; homeostasis maintained between their symbionts; can ecological deepen multiple levels interaction. As answers to these fundamental questions emerge, all biologists will be challenged broaden appreciation interactions include investigations relationships among partners as seek better natural world.

Language: Английский

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Diversity, structure and convergent evolution of the global sponge microbiome

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: June 16, 2016

Abstract Sponges (phylum Porifera) are early-diverging metazoa renowned for establishing complex microbial symbioses. Here we present a global Porifera microbiome survey, set out to establish the ecological and evolutionary drivers of these host–microbe interactions. We show that sponges reservoir exceptional diversity major contributors total world’s oceans. Little commonality in species composition or structure is evident across phylum, although symbiont communities characterized by specialists generalists rather than opportunists. Core sponge microbiomes stable generalist symbionts exhibiting amensal and/or commensal Symbionts phylogenetically unique do not disproportionally contribute core microbiome, host phylogeny impacts complexity community. Our findings support model independent assembly evolution entire with convergent forces resulting analogous community organization

Language: Английский

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An environmental bacterial taxon with a large and distinct metabolic repertoire

Nature, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 506(7486), P. 58 - 62

Published: Jan. 28, 2014

Cultivated bacteria such as actinomycetes are a highly useful source of biomedically important natural products. However, 'talented' producers represent only minute fraction the entire, mostly uncultivated, prokaryotic diversity. The uncultured majority is generally perceived large, untapped resource new drug candidates, but so far it unknown whether taxa containing talented indeed exist. Here we report single-cell- and metagenomics-based discovery producers. Two phylotypes candidate genus 'Entotheonella' with genomes greater than 9 megabases multiple, distinct biosynthetic gene clusters co-inhabit chemically microbially rich marine sponge Theonella swinhoei. Almost all bioactive polyketides peptides known from this animal were attributed to single phylotype. spp. widely distributed in sponges belong an environmental taxon proposed here phylum 'Tectomicrobia'. pronounced bioactivities chemical uniqueness compounds provide significant opportunities for ecological studies discovery. Single-cell- study reveals two members 'Entotheonella', symbionts swinhoei; that account most T. swinhoei shown be attributable member Y microbiome. drugs candidates produced by few groups metabolically organisms. That leaves unculturable — or uncultivated microbial largely resource. Jörn Piel colleagues use single-cell metagenomic analysis identify potential 'environmental factories', both Entotheonella Importantly they find microbes encode multiple together previously thought host. This identifies newly Tectomicrobia 'biochemically talented' on par actinomycetes.

Language: Английский

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The sponge holobiont in a changing ocean: from microbes to ecosystems

Microbiome, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: March 9, 2018

The recognition that all macroorganisms live in symbiotic association with microbial communities has opened up a new field biology. Animals, plants, and algae are now considered holobionts, complex ecosystems consisting of the host, microbiota, interactions among them. Accordingly, ecological concepts can be applied to understand host-derived processes govern dynamics interactive networks within holobiont. In marine systems, holobionts further integrated into larger more ecosystems, concept referred as "nested ecosystems." this review, we discuss dynamic interact at multiple scales respond environmental change. We focus on symbiosis sponges their communities—a resulted one most diverse environment. recent years, sponge microbiology remarkably advanced terms curated databases, standardized protocols, information functions microbiota. Like Russian doll, these translated holobiont impact surrounding ecosystem. For example, sponge-associated metabolisms, fueled by high filtering capacity substantially affect biogeochemical cycling key nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous. Since increasingly threatened anthropogenic stressors jeopardize stability ecosystem, link between perturbations, dysbiosis, diseases. Experimental studies suggest community composition is tightly linked health, but whether dysbiosis cause or consequence collapse remains unresolved. Moreover, potential role microbiome mediating for acclimate adapt change unknown. Future should aim identify mechanisms underlying scales, from develop management strategies preserve provided our present future oceans.

Language: Английский

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Heritable symbiosis: The advantages and perils of an evolutionary rabbit hole

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 112(33), P. 10169 - 10176

Published: Feb. 23, 2015

Many eukaryotes have obligate associations with microorganisms that are transmitted directly between generations. A model for heritable symbiosis is the association of aphids, a clade sap-feeding insects, and Buchnera aphidicola, gammaproteobacterium colonized an aphid ancestor 150 million years ago persists in almost all 5,000 species. Symbiont acquisition enables evolutionary ecological expansion; aphids one many insect groups would not exist without symbiosis. Receiving less attention potential negative ramifications symbiotic alliances. In short run, symbionts impose metabolic costs. Over time, hosts evolve dependence beyond original benefits Symbiotic partners enter into spiral leads to irreversible codependence associated risks. Host adaptations (e.g., immune-system modification) may vulnerabilities. genomes also continuously accumulate deleterious mutations, limiting their beneficial contributions environmental tolerance. Finally, fitness interests distinct from those hosts, leading selfish tendencies. Thus, genes underlying host-symbiont interface predicted follow coevolutionary arms race, as observed governing host-pathogen interactions. On macroevolutionary scale, rapid evolution interacting symbiont host accelerate speciation rates by generating genetic incompatibilities. However, degeneration ultimately limit range species, potentially increasing extinction risk. Recent results aphid-Buchnera related systems illustrate that, whereas can expand spur diversification, it presents perils.

Language: Английский

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Diversity and Activity of Communities Inhabiting Plastic Debris in the North Pacific Gyre

mSystems, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 1(3)

Published: May 20, 2016

Marine plastic debris has become a significant concern in ocean ecosystems worldwide. Little is known, however, about its influence on microbial community structure and function. In 2008, we surveyed communities metabolic activities seawater an oceanographic expedition through the "great Pacific garbage patch." The concentration of particles surface within different size classes (2 to 5 mm >5 mm) ranged from 0.35 3.7 m-3 across sampling stations. These densities particle distribution were consistent with previous values reported North Ocean. Net oxygen production (NCP = gross primary - respiration) was positive so net autotrophic, whereas NCP bulk close zero. Scanning electron microscopy metagenomic sequencing plastic-attached revealed dominance few metazoan taxa diverse assemblage photoautotrophic heterotrophic protists bacteria. Bryozoa, Cyanobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes dominated all particles, regardless size. Bacteria inhabiting taxonomically distinct surrounding picoplankton appeared well adapted surface-associated lifestyle. Genes significantly higher abundances among bacteria included che genes, secretion system nifH suggesting enrichment for chemotaxis, frequent cell-to-cell interactions, nitrogen fixation. aggregate, our findings suggest that forms habitat complex assemblages have lifestyles, pathways, biogeochemical are those free-living planktonic communities. IMPORTANCE growing captured general public's attention. While negative impacts oceanic macrobiota, including mammals birds, documented, little known smaller marine residents, microbes key roles biogeochemistry. Our work provides new perspective microplastics includes effect description cross-domain particles. This study first molecular ecology, biota surveys Subtropical Gyre. It identified fundamental differences functional potential taxonomic composition plastic-associated versus found open-ocean habitat. Author Video: An author video summary this article available.

Language: Английский

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Defensive symbioses of animals with prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms

Natural Product Reports, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 32(7), P. 904 - 936

Published: Jan. 1, 2015

Many organisms team up with symbiotic microbes for defense against predators, parasites, parasitoids, or pathogens. Here we review the known defensive symbioses in animals and microbial secondary metabolites responsible providing protection to host.

Language: Английский

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Enzymatic Halogenation and Dehalogenation Reactions: Pervasive and Mechanistically Diverse

Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 117(8), P. 5619 - 5674

Published: Jan. 20, 2017

Naturally produced halogenated compounds are ubiquitous across all domains of life where they perform a multitude biological functions and adopt diversity chemical structures. Accordingly, diverse collection enzyme catalysts to install remove halogens from organic scaffolds has evolved in nature. Accounting for the different properties four halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine) reactivity their substrates, enzymes performing biosynthetic degradative halogenation chemistry utilize numerous mechanistic strategies involving oxidation, reduction, substitution. Biosynthetic reactions range simple aromatic substitutions stereoselective C–H functionalizations on remote carbon centers can initiate formation complex ring Dehalogenating enzymes, other hand, best known removing man-made organohalogens, yet also function naturally, albeit rarely, metabolic pathways. This review details scope mechanism nature's dehalogenation enzymatic strategies, highlights gaps our understanding, posits new advances field might arise near future.

Language: Английский

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Could some coral reefs become sponge reefs as our climate changes?

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 19(9), P. 2613 - 2624

Published: April 3, 2013

Coral reefs across the world have been seriously degraded and a bleak future in response to predicted global warming ocean acidification (OA). However, this is not first time that biocalcifying organisms, including corals, faced threat of extinction. The end-Triassic mass extinction (200 million years ago) was most severe biotic crisis experienced by modern marine invertebrates, which selected against biocalcifiers; followed proliferation another invertebrate group, sponges. duration sponge-dominated period far surpasses alternative stable-ecosystem or phase-shift states reported on day coral and, as such, shift warrants serious consideration one trajectory reefs. We hypothesise some today may become sponge future, sponges corals respond differently changing chemistry environmental conditions. To support hypothesis, we discuss: (i) presence geological record; (ii) shifts from coral- systems; (iii) direct indirect responses holobiont its constituent parts (host symbionts) changes temperature pH. Based evidence, propose be group benefit projected climate change scenarios, increased abundance represents possible for reefs, would important implications overall reef functioning.

Language: Английский

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Endosymbiotic origin and differential loss of eukaryotic genes

Nature, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 524(7566), P. 427 - 432

Published: Aug. 1, 2015

Language: Английский

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