The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 99(4), P. 1877 - 2013

Published: Aug. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Language: Английский

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Emotional Expressions Reconsidered: Challenges to Inferring Emotion From Human Facial Movements

Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 20(1), P. 1 - 68

Published: July 1, 2019

It is commonly assumed that a person's emotional state can be readily inferred from his or her facial movements, typically called

Language: Английский

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The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. nsw154 - nsw154

Published: Oct. 12, 2016

The science of emotion has been using folk psychology categories derived from philosophy to search for the brain basis emotion. last two decades neuroscience research have brought us brink a paradigm shift in understanding workings brain, however, setting stage revolutionize our what emotions are and how they work. In this article, we begin with structure function there deduce biological might be. answer is brain-based, computational account called theory constructed

Language: Английский

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Using Neuroscience to Help Understand Fear and Anxiety: A Two-System Framework

American Journal of Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 173(11), P. 1083 - 1093

Published: Sept. 9, 2016

Tremendous progress has been made in basic neuroscience recent decades. One area that especially successful is research on how the brain detects and responds to threats. Such studies have demonstrated comparable patterns of brain-behavior relationships underlying threat processing across a range mammalian species, including humans. This would seem be an ideal body information for advancing our understanding disorders which altered key factor, namely, fear anxiety disorders. But not led significant improvements clinical practice. The authors propose order take advantage this gain, conceptual reframing needed. Key change recognition distinction between circuits two classes responses elicited by threats: 1) behavioral accompanying physiological changes 2) conscious feeling states reflected self-reports anxiety. leads “two systems” view argue failure recognize consistently emphasize impeded hindered attempts develop more effective pharmaceutical psychological treatments. two-system suggests new way forward.

Language: Английский

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Don’t fear ‘fear conditioning’: Methodological considerations for the design and analysis of studies on human fear acquisition, extinction, and return of fear

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 77, P. 247 - 285

Published: March 3, 2017

The so-called 'replicability crisis' has sparked methodological discussions in many areas of science general, and psychology particular. This led to recent endeavours promote the transparency, rigour, ultimately, replicability research. Originating from this zeitgeist, challenge discuss critical issues on terminology, design, methods, analysis considerations fear conditioning research is taken up by work, which involved representatives fourteen major human laboratories Europe. compendium intended provide a basis for development common procedural terminology framework field conditioning. Whenever possible, we give general recommendations. When not feasible, evidence-based guidance decisions study outcome measures, analyses. Importantly, work also raise awareness initiate crucial questions with respect data collection, processing, statistical analyses, impact subtle changes, reporting specifically tailored

Language: Английский

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Midbrain circuits for defensive behaviour

Nature, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 534(7606), P. 206 - 212

Published: June 1, 2016

Language: Английский

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Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety

Nature Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 18(10), P. 1394 - 1404

Published: Sept. 25, 2015

Language: Английский

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Synaptic plasticity in the anterior cingulate cortex in acute and chronic pain

Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 17(8), P. 485 - 496

Published: June 16, 2016

Language: Английский

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Freeze for action: neurobiological mechanisms in animal and human freezing

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 372(1718), P. 20160206 - 20160206

Published: Feb. 27, 2017

Upon increasing levels of threat, animals activate qualitatively different defensive modes, including freezing and active fight-or-flight reactions. Whereas is a form behavioural inhibition accompanied by parasympathetically dominated heart rate deceleration, reactions are associated with sympathetically driven acceleration. Despite the potential relevance for human stress-coping, its phenomenology neurobiological underpinnings remain largely unexplored in humans. Studies rodents have shown that depends on amygdala projections to brainstem (periaqueductal grey). Recent neuroimaging studies humans indicated similar brain regions may be involved freezing. In addition, flexibly shifting between modes critical adequate stress-coping relies fronto-amygdala connections. This review paper presents model detailing these neural mechanisms shift action. Freezing not passive state but rather parasympathetic brake motor system, relevant perception action preparation. Study responses advance insights into stress-related psychopathologies characterized rigidity stress The therefore concludes research agenda stimulate translational animal–human this emerging field responses. article part themed issue ‘Movement suppression: stopping stillness’.

Language: Английский

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Temporal evolution of cortical ensembles promoting remote memory retrieval

Nature Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 22(3), P. 460 - 469

Published: Jan. 12, 2019

Language: Английский

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