Pharmacology & Therapeutics,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
253, P. 108564 - 108564
Published: Nov. 24, 2023
Autism
spectrum
disorder
(ASD)
is
a
neurodevelopmental
characterized
by
three
core
impairments:
impaired
communication,
reciprocal
social
interaction,
and
restricted,
repetitive,
stereotypical
behavior
patterns.
Spectrum
refers
to
the
heterogeneity
of
presentation,
severity
symptoms,
medical
comorbidities
associated
with
ASD.
Among
most
common
underlying
conditions
are
attention-deficit/hyperactivity
(ADHD),
anxiety,
depression,
epilepsy,
digestive
disorders,
metabolic
immune
disorders.
At
present,
in
absence
an
objective
accurate
diagnosis
ASD,
such
as
blood
test,
pharmacological
management
remains
challenge.
There
no
approved
medications
treat
symptoms
behavioral
interventions
typically
used
first
line
treatment.
Additionally,
psychotropic
drugs
different
mechanisms
action
have
been
reduce
comorbidities,
including
aripiprazole,
risperidone,
haloperidol
for
irritability
aggression,
methylphenidate,
atomoxetine,
clonidine,
guanfacine
ADHD,
melatonin
sleep
disturbances.
The
purpose
this
review
emphasize
that
it
imperative
develop
objective,
personalized
diagnostic
kits
order
tailor
individualize
treatment
strategies,
well
describe
current
options
available
clinical
practice
new
prospects
may
be
helpful
managing
ASD's
symptoms.
Brain Behavior and Immunity,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
108, P. 245 - 254
Published: Dec. 6, 2022
Autism
spectrum
disorder
(ASD)
is
a
highly
heterogeneous
neurodevelopmental
characterized
by
communication
and
social
behavior
deficits.
The
presence
of
restricted
repetitive
behaviors
often
accompanies
these
deficits,
characteristics
can
range
from
mild
to
severe.
past
several
decades
have
seen
significant
rise
in
the
prevalence
ASD.
etiology
ASD
remains
unknown;
however,
genetic
environmental
risk
factors
play
role.
Multiple
hypotheses
converge
suggest
that
neuroinflammation,
or
at
least
interaction
between
immune
neural
systems,
may
be
involved
some
cases
groups.
Repeated
evidence
innate
dysfunction
has
been
ASD,
associated
with
worsening
behaviors.
This
includes
data
circulating
myeloid
cells
brain
resident
macrophages/microglia
both
human
animal
models.
comprehensive
review
presents
recent
findings
including
aberrant
cellular
function,
microglia
activation.
Frontiers in Pediatrics,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
11
Published: July 4, 2023
Background
Studies
have
found
that
toxic
heavy
metals
exposure
could
induce
the
generation
of
reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS),
and
is
epigenetic
effect,
which
might
be
associated
with
occurrence
Autistic
Disorder
(ASD).
This
systematic
review
meta-analysis
aims
to
elucidate
association
between
4
metals,
cadmium
(Cd),
lead
(Pb),
arsenic(As),
mercury
(Hg),
ASD
in
children.
Methods
We
searched
PubMed,
Web
Science,
Embase,
Cochrane
Library,
from
their
inception
October
2022,
for
epidemiological
investigations
explore
Cd,
Pb,
As,
or
Hg
child
ASD.
Results
A
total
53
studies
were
included,
involving
5,054
individuals
aged
less
than
18
(2,533
patients
2,521
healthy
controls).
Compared
controls,
hair
blood
tests,
concentrations
significantly
higher
group
control
group,
differences
arsenic
statistically
significant
(
P
<
0.05).
In
urine
test,
0.05),
while
results
Cd
Pb
opposite
those
>
Subgroup
analysis
geographic
regions
showed
Asia
Europe
had
compared
arsenic,
North
America,
controls
Conclusion
Hg.
These
play
different
roles
progression
Moreover,
there
heterogeneity
among
included
due
controversies
about
study
countries
sources
detection
materials.
The
this
firmly
support
policies
limit
exposure,
especially
pregnant
women
young
children,
so
as
help
reduce
incidence
Molecular Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
28(12), P. 4995 - 5008
Published: April 17, 2023
Abstract
Autism-spectrum
disorders
(ASDs)
are
developmental
disabilities
that
manifest
in
early
childhood
and
characterized
by
qualitative
abnormalities
social
behaviors,
communication
skills,
restrictive
or
repetitive
behaviors.
To
explore
the
neurobiological
mechanisms
ASD,
extensive
research
has
been
done
to
identify
potential
diagnostic
biomarkers
through
a
neuroimaging
genetics
approach.
Neuroimaging
helps
ASD-risk
genes
contribute
structural
functional
variations
brain
circuitry
validate
biological
changes
elucidating
pathways
confer
genetic
risk.
Integrating
artificial
intelligence
models
with
data
lays
groundwork
for
accurate
diagnosis
facilitates
identification
of
ASD.
This
review
discusses
significance
approaches
gaining
better
understanding
perturbed
neurochemical
system
molecular
ASD
how
these
can
detect
structural,
functional,
metabolic
lead
discovery
novel
Cell Stress,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
8, P. 21 - 50
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
The
eight
biological
hallmarks
of
health
that
we
initially
postulated
(Cell.
2021
Jan
7;184(1):33-63)
include
features
spatial
compartmentalization
(integrity
barriers,
containment
local
perturbations),
maintenance
homeostasis
over
time
(recycling
&
turnover,
integration
circuitries,
rhythmic
oscillations)
and
an
array
adequate
responses
to
stress
(homeostatic
resilience,
hormetic
regulation,
repair
regeneration).
These
affect
all
somatic
strata
the
human
body
(molecules,
organelles,
cells,
supracellular
units,
organs,
organ
systems,
systemic
circuitries
meta-organism).
Here
postulate
mental
socioeconomic
factors
must
be
added
this
8×8
matrix
as
additional
hallmark
(“psychosocial
adaptation”)
stratum
interactions”),
hence
building
a
9×9
matrix.
Potentially,
perturbation
each
affects
psychosocial
vice
versa.
Finally,
discuss
(patho)physiological
bases
these
interactions
their
implications
for
improvement.
Advanced Science,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
11(28)
Published: May 16, 2024
Abstract
Autism
spectrum
disorder
(ASD)
is
a
neurodevelopmental
disorder,
characterized
by
social
communication
disability
and
stereotypic
behavior.
This
study
aims
to
investigate
the
impact
of
prenatal
exposure
1‐nitropyrene
(1‐NP),
key
component
motor
vehicle
exhaust,
on
autism‐like
behaviors
in
mouse
model.
Three‐chamber
test
finds
that
1‐NP
causes
during
weaning
period.
Patch
clamp
shows
inhibitory
synaptic
transmission
reduced
medial
prefrontal
cortex
1‐NP‐exposed
pups.
Immunofluorescence
reduces
number
glutamate
decarboxylase
67
(GAD67)
positive
interneurons
fetuses
Moreover,
retards
tangential
migration
GAD67‐positive
downregulates
interneuron
migration‐related
genes,
such
as
Nrg1
,
Erbb4
Sema3F
fetal
forebrain.
Mechanistically,
hydroxymethylation
genes
through
inhibiting
ten‐eleven
translocation
(TET)
activity
Supplement
with
alpha‐ketoglutarate
(α‐KG),
cofactor
TET
enzyme,
reverses
1‐NP‐induced
hypohydroxymethylation
at
specific
sites
genes.
α‐KG
supplement
alleviates
retardation
Finally,
maternal
improves
offspring.
In
conclusion,
behavior
partially
altering
DNA
developing
brain.
Biomolecules,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
13(2), P. 260 - 260
Published: Jan. 30, 2023
Autism
spectrum
disorders
(ASD)
are
a
group
of
complex
neurodevelopmental
that
affect
communication
and
social
interactions
present
with
restricted
interests
repetitive
behavior
patterns.
The
susceptibility
to
ASD
is
strongly
influenced
by
genetic/heritable
factors;
however,
there
still
large
gap
in
understanding
the
cellular
molecular
mechanisms
underlying
neurobiology
ASD.
Significant
progress
has
been
made
identifying
risk
genes
possible
convergent
pathways
regulated
these
gene
networks
during
development.
breakthrough
reprogramming
technology
allowed
generation
induced
pluripotent
stem
cells
(iPSCs)
from
individuals
syndromic
idiopathic
ASD,
providing
patient-specific
cell
models
for
mechanistic
studies.
In
past
decade,
protocols
developing
brain
organoids
have
established,
leading
significant
advances
vitro
reproducibility
early
steps
human
Here,
we
reviewed
most
relevant
literature
regarding
application
study
current
state
art,
discussing
impact
such
on
field,
limitations,
opportunities
future
