Therapeutic cancer vaccines: advancements, challenges and prospects

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: Dec. 13, 2023

With the development and regulatory approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors adoptive cell therapies, cancer immunotherapy has undergone a profound transformation over past decades. Recently, therapeutic vaccines have shown promise by eliciting de novo T responses targeting tumor antigens, including tumor-associated antigens tumor-specific antigens. The objective was to amplify diversify intrinsic repertoire cells. However, complete realization these capabilities remains an ongoing pursuit. Therefore, we provide overview current landscape in this review. range antigen selection, delivery systems strategic nuances underlying effective presentation pioneered vaccine design. Furthermore, review addresses status clinical trials discusses their strategies, focusing on immunogenicity anti-tumor efficacy assessment. attempts toward developing not yielded breakthrough outcomes due significant challenges, microenvironment suppression, optimal candidate identification, response evaluation, manufacturing acceleration. field is poised overcome hurdles improve patient future acknowledging complexities persistently striving surmount inherent constraints.

Language: Английский

---

mRNA-based vaccines and therapeutics: an in-depth survey of current and upcoming clinical applications

Journal of Biomedical Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 30(1)

Published: Oct. 7, 2023

mRNA-based drugs have tremendous potential as clinical treatments, however, a major challenge in realizing this drug class will promise to develop methods for safely delivering the bioactive agents with high efficiency and without activating immune system. With regard mRNA vaccines, researchers modified structure enhance its stability promote systemic tolerance of antigenic presentation non-inflammatory contexts. Still, delivery naked mRNAs is inefficient results low levels antigen protein production. As such, lipid nanoparticles been utilized improve protect cargo from extracellular degradation. This advance was milestone development vaccines dispelled skepticism about technology yield clinically approved medicines. Following resounding success COVID-19, many other proposed treatment variety diseases. review begins discussion modifications vehicles, well factors that influence administration routes. Then, we summarize applications discuss further key points pertaining preclinical targeting wide range Finally, latest market trends future drugs.

Language: Английский

---

mRNA vaccine in cancer therapy: Current advance and future outlook

Clinical and Translational Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(8)

Published: Aug. 1, 2023

Abstract Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines are a relatively new class of that have shown great promise in the immunotherapy wide variety infectious diseases and cancer. In past 2 years, SARS‐CoV‐2 mRNA contributed tremendously against SARS‐CoV2, which has prompted arrival vaccine research boom, especially cancer vaccines. Compared with conventional vaccines, significant advantages, including efficient production protective immune responses, low side effects lower cost acquisition. this review, we elaborated on development as well potential biological mechanisms latest progress various tumour treatments, discussed challenges future directions for field.

Language: Английский

---

Exploring the promising potential of induced pluripotent stem cells in cancer research and therapy

Molecular Cancer, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: Nov. 28, 2023

The advent of iPSCs has brought about a significant transformation in stem cell research, opening up promising avenues for advancing cancer treatment. formation is multifaceted process influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. offer distinctive platform investigating the origin cancer, paving way novel approaches to treatment, drug testing, tailored medical interventions. This review article will provide an overview science behind iPSCs, current limitations challenges iPSC-based therapy, ethical social implications, comparative analysis with other types also discuss applications tumorigenesis, future tumorigenesis highlight successful case studies utilizing research. conclusion summarize advancements made research importance continued investment iPSC unlock full potential these cells.

Language: Английский

---

Cancer immune escape: the role of antigen presentation machinery

Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 149(10), P. 8131 - 8141

Published: April 9, 2023

Abstract The mechanisms of antigen processing and presentation play a crucial role in the recognition targeting cancer cells by immune system. Cancer can evade system downregulating or losing expression proteins recognized as antigens, creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment, altering their ability to process present antigens. This review focuses on evasion with specific emphasis machinery. study immunopeptidome, peptidomics, has provided insights into potential applications diagnosis treatment. Additionally, manipulating epigenetic landscape plays critical suppressing response against cancer. Targeting these through use HDACis, DNMTis, combination therapies improve efficacy immunotherapy. However, further research is needed fully understand action optimal clinical setting.

Language: Английский

---

Dendritic Cell Vaccines: A Shift from Conventional Approach to New Generations

Cells, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(17), P. 2147 - 2147

Published: Aug. 25, 2023

In the emerging era of cancer immunotherapy, immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) and adoptive cell transfer therapies (ACTs) have gained significant attention. However, their therapeutic efficacies are limited due to presence cold type tumors, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, immune-related side effects. On other hand, dendritic (DC)-based vaccines been suggested as a new immunotherapy regimen that can address limitations encountered by ICBs ACTs. Despite success first generation DC-based vaccines, represented FDA-approved vaccine Provenge, several challenges remain unsolved. Therefore, DC strategies actively investigated. This review addresses currently most adopted classical evaluates generations in detail, including biomaterial-based, immunogenic death-inducing, mRNA-pulsed, small extracellular vesicle (sEV)-based, sEV-based vaccines. These innovative envisioned provide breakthrough landscape expected be supported further preclinical clinical studies.

Language: Английский

---

Real-time detection of 20 amino acids and discrimination of pathologically relevant peptides with functionalized nanopore

Nature Methods, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(4), P. 609 - 618

Published: March 5, 2024

Abstract Precise identification and quantification of amino acids is crucial for many biological applications. Here we report a copper(II)-functionalized Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) nanopore with the N91H substitution, which enables direct all 20 proteinogenic when combined machine-learning algorithm. The validation accuracy reaches 99.1%, 30.9% signal recovery. feasibility ultrasensitive was also demonstrated at nanomolar range. Furthermore, capability this system real-time analyses two representative post-translational modifications (PTMs), one unnatural acid ten synthetic peptides using exopeptidases, including clinically relevant associated Alzheimer’s disease cancer neoantigens, demonstrated. Notably, our strategy successfully distinguishes only difference from hydrolysate provides possibility to infer peptide sequence.

Language: Английский

---

The next-generation DNA vaccine platforms and delivery systems: advances, challenges and prospects

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Feb. 1, 2024

Vaccines have proven effective in the treatment and prevention of numerous diseases. However, traditional attenuated inactivated vaccines suffer from certain drawbacks such as complex preparation, limited efficacy, potential risks others. These limitations restrict their widespread use, especially face an increasingly diverse range With ongoing advancements genetic engineering vaccines, DNA emerged a highly promising approach both diseases acquired While several demonstrated substantial success animal models diseases, challenges need to be addressed before application human subjects. The primary obstacle lies absence optimal delivery system, which significantly hampers immunogenicity vaccines. We conduct comprehensive analysis current status by focusing on viral non-viral systems, they play crucial roles exploration novel provide evaluation strengths weaknesses based our critical assessment. Additionally, review summarizes most recent breakthroughs pre-clinical clinical studies, highlighting for further trials this rapidly evolving field.

Language: Английский

---

Cold and hot tumors: from molecular mechanisms to targeted therapy

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Oct. 18, 2024

Immunotherapy has made significant strides in cancer treatment, particularly through immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), which shown notable clinical benefits across various tumor types. Despite the transformative impact of ICB treatment therapy, only a minority patients exhibit positive response to it. In with solid tumors, those who respond well typically demonstrate an active profile referred as "hot" (immune-inflamed) phenotype. On other hand, non-responsive may distinct "cold" (immune-desert) phenotype, differing from features tumors. Additionally, there is more nuanced "excluded" positioned between and categories, known type. Effective differentiation understanding intrinsic factors, characteristics, TME, external factors are critical for predicting results. It widely accepted that therapy exerts profound effect on limited efficacy against or "altered" necessitating combinations therapeutic modalities enhance cell infiltration into tissue convert tumors ones. Therefore, aligning traits this review systematically delineates respective influencing extensively discusses varied approaches drug targets based assess efficacy.

Language: Английский

---

Regulatory insights into nanomedicine and gene vaccine innovation: Safety assessment, challenges, and regulatory perspectives

Acta Biomaterialia, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 180, P. 1 - 17

Published: April 10, 2024

This analysis explores the principal regulatory concerns linked to nanomedicines and gene vaccines, including complexities involved perspectives on how navigate them. In realm of nanomedicines, ensuring safety nanomaterials is paramount due their unique characteristics potential interactions with biological systems. Regulatory bodies are actively formulating guidelines standards assess risks associated nanomedicine products, emphasizing need for standardized characterization techniques accurately gauge effectiveness. Regarding frameworks must be tailored address distinct challenges posed by genetic interventions, necessitating special considerations in efficacy evaluations, particularly concerning vector design, target specificity, long-term patient monitoring. Ethical such as autonomy, informed consent, privacy also demand careful attention, alongside intricate matter intellectual property rights, which balanced against imperative widespread access these life-saving treatments. Collaborative efforts among bodies, researchers, patent offices, private sector essential tackle effectively, international cooperation being especially crucial given global scope vaccine development. Striking right balance between safeguarding properties promoting public health vital fostering innovation equitable ground-breaking technologies, underscoring significance addressing hurdles fully harness benefits vaccines enhancing healthcare outcomes a scale. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Several biomaterials proposed development nanovaccines, from polymeric micelles, PLGA-/PEI-/PLL-nanoparticles, solid lipid nananoparticles, cationic lipoplexes, liposomes, hybrid materials, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, hydrogels, quantum dots. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have gained tremendous attention since US Food Drug Administration (FDA) approval Pfizer Moderna's COVID-19 raising awareness vaccines. review provides insights into current strategies issues, clinical trials. By navigating landscapes we can unlock full using range promising towards improving worldwide.

Language: Английский

---