Frontiers in Neurology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: Jan. 4, 2023
Magnetic
resonance
spectroscopy
is
a
powerful,
non-invasive,
quantitative
imaging
technique
that
allows
for
the
measurement
of
brain
metabolites
has
demonstrated
utility
in
diagnosing
and
characterizing
broad
range
neurological
diseases.
Its
impact,
however,
been
limited
due
to
small
sample
sizes
methodological
variability
addition
intrinsic
limitations
method
itself
such
as
its
sensitivity
motion.
The
lack
standardization
from
data
acquisition
processing
perspective
makes
it
difficult
pool
multiple
studies
and/or
conduct
multisite
are
necessary
supporting
clinically
relevant
findings.
Based
on
experience
ENIGMA
MRS
work
group
review
literature,
this
manuscript
provides
an
overview
current
state
harmonization.
Key
factors
need
be
taken
into
consideration
when
conducting
both
retrospective
prospective
described.
These
include
(1)
issues
pulse
sequence,
RF
B0
calibrations,
echo
time,
SNR;
(2)
pre-processing
steps,
modeling,
quantitation;
(3)
biological
voxel
location,
age,
sex,
pathology.
Various
approaches
harmonization
then
described
including
meta-analysis,
mega-analysis,
linear
ComBat
artificial
intelligence
approaches.
goal
provide
novice
experienced
readers
with
knowledge
studies.
World Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
22(2), P. 236 - 262
Published: May 9, 2023
The
field
of
psychiatry
is
hampered
by
a
lack
robust,
reliable
and
valid
biomarkers
that
can
aid
in
objectively
diagnosing
patients
providing
individualized
treatment
recommendations.
Here
we
review
critically
evaluate
the
evidence
for
most
promising
psychiatric
neuroscience
literature
autism
spectrum
disorder,
schizophrenia,
anxiety
disorders
post‐traumatic
stress
major
depression
bipolar
substance
use
disorders.
Candidate
reviewed
include
various
neuroimaging,
genetic,
molecular
peripheral
assays,
purposes
determining
susceptibility
or
presence
illness,
predicting
response
safety.
This
highlights
critical
gap
biomarker
validation
process.
An
enormous
societal
investment
over
past
50
years
has
identified
numerous
candidate
biomarkers.
However,
to
date,
overwhelming
majority
these
measures
have
not
been
proven
sufficiently
reliable,
useful
be
adopted
clinically.
It
time
consider
whether
strategic
investments
might
break
this
impasse,
focusing
on
limited
number
candidates
advance
through
process
definitive
testing
specific
indication.
Some
N170
signal,
an
event‐related
brain
potential
measured
using
electroencephalography,
subgroup
identification
within
disorder;
striatal
resting‐state
functional
magnetic
resonance
imaging
(fMRI)
measures,
such
as
connectivity
index
(SCI)
abnormalities
(FSA)
index,
prediction
schizophrenia;
error‐related
negativity
(ERN),
electrophysiological
first
onset
generalized
structural
connectomic
social
disorder.
Alternate
forms
classification
may
conceptualizing
Collaborative
efforts
allowing
inclusion
biosystems
beyond
genetics
neuroimaging
are
needed,
online
remote
acquisition
selected
naturalistic
setting
mobile
health
tools
significantly
field.
Setting
benchmarks
well‐defined
target
application,
along
with
development
appropriate
funding
partnership
mechanisms,
would
also
crucial.
Finally,
it
should
never
forgotten
that,
actionable,
will
need
clinically
predictive
at
individual
level
viable
clinical
settings.
Brain Research Bulletin,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
216, P. 111056 - 111056
Published: Aug. 24, 2024
The
intricate
interplay
existing
between
gut
microbiota
and
homeostasis
extends
to
the
realm
of
brain,
where
emerging
research
underscores
significant
impact
on
mood
regulation
overall
neurological
well-being
vice-versa,
with
inflammation
playing
a
pivotal
role
in
mediating
these
complex
interactions.
This
comprehensive
review
explores
inflammation,
alterations
microbiota,
their
major
depressive
disorder
(MDD).
It
provides
cohesive
framework
for
puzzle
pieces
this
triad,
emphasizing
recent
advancements
understanding
inflammatory
states'
contribution
features.
Two
directions
communication
brain
depression
are
discussed,
serving
as
potential
modulator.
Therapeutic
implications
were
discussed
well,
drawing
insights
from
interventional
studies
effects
probiotics
bacterial
composition
symptoms.
Ultimately,
will
attempt
provide
complete
valuable
future
therapeutic
interventions
MDD.
MedComm,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
3(3)
Published: July 21, 2022
Major
depressive
disorder
(MDD)
is
a
highly
prevalent
and
disabling
disorder.
Despite
the
many
hypotheses
proposed
to
understand
molecular
pathophysiology
of
depression,
it
still
unclear.
Current
treatments
for
depression
are
inadequate
individuals,
because
limited
effectiveness,
delayed
efficacy
(usually
two
weeks),
side
effects.
Consequently,
novel
drugs
with
increased
speed
action
effectiveness
required.
Ketamine
has
shown
have
rapid,
reliable,
long-lasting
antidepressant
effects
in
treatment-resistant
MDD
patients
represent
breakthrough
therapy
MDD;
however,
concerns
regarding
its
efficacy,
potential
misuse,
remain.
In
this
review,
we
aimed
summarize
mechanisms
pharmacological
depression.
We
focused
on
fast
treatment
clarified
safety,
tolerability,
ketamine
metabolites
treatment,
along
review
mechanisms,
research
challenges,
future
clinical
prospects.
Nutrients,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
14(5), P. 917 - 917
Published: Feb. 22, 2022
The
monoamine
model
of
depression
has
long
formed
the
basis
drug
development
but
fails
to
explain
treatment
resistance
or
associations
with
stress
inflammation.
Recent
animal
research,
clinical
trials
ketamine
(a
glutamate
receptor
antagonist),
neuroimaging
and
microbiome
studies
provide
increasing
evidence
glutamatergic
dysfunction
in
other
disorders.
Glutamatergic
involvement
across
diverse
neuropathologies
including
psychoses,
neurodevelopmental,
neurodegenerative
conditions,
brain
injury
forms
rationale
for
this
review.
Glutamate
is
brain's
principal
excitatory
neurotransmitter
(NT),
a
metabolic
synthesis
substrate,
an
immune
mediator.
These
overlapping
roles
multiple
NT
types
complicate
research
into
neurotransmission.
microcircuit
comprises
neurons,
astrocytes
controlling
synaptic
space
levels,
through
reuptake,
inhibitory
GABA
interneurons.
Astroglia
generate
respond
inflammatory
mediators.
microcircuits
also
act
at
brain/body
interface
via
microbiome,
kynurenine
pathway,
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal
axis.
Disruption
excitatory/inhibitory
homeostasis
causing
neuro-excitotoxicity,
neuronal
impairment,
causes
cognition
symptoms
limbic
prefrontal
regions,
respectively.
Persistent
reduces
plasticity
growth
death
tissue
atrophy
diseases.
A
conceptual
overview
activity
peripheral
interfacing
presented,
common
mechanisms
that
diseases
share
when
disrupted.
Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
29(6), P. 603 - 609
Published: Sept. 1, 2023
Purpose
of
review
This
highlights
the
problem
neuropsychiatric
adverse
effects
(AEs)
associated
with
elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor
(ETI),
current
suboptimal
mitigation
approaches,
a
novel
testable
mechanistic
hypothesis,
and
potential
solutions
requiring
further
research.
Recent
findings
Studies
show
that
minority
persons
cystic
fibrosis
(PwCF)
initiating
transmembrane
conductance
regulator
(CFTR)
modulators
experience
AEs
including
worsening
mood,
cognition,
anxiety,
sleep,
suicidality.
The
GABA-A
receptor
is
ligand-gated
chloride
channel,
magnetic
resonance
spectroscopy
neuroimaging
studies
have
shown
reduced
GABA
expression
in
rostral
anterior
cingulate
cortex
anxiety
depression.
research
details
impact
peripheral
inflammation
gut-brain
axis
on
central
neuroinflammation.
Plasma
ETI
concentrations
sweat
been
evaluated
small
but
not
validated
to
guide
dose
titration
or
correlated
pharmacogenomic
variants
safety/efficacy.
Summary
Although
well
tolerated
by
most
PwCF,
some
debilitating
AEs.
In
cases,
these
may
be
driven
modulation
CFTR
transport
within
brain.
Understanding
biological
mechanisms
critical
next
step
identifying
which
PwCF
are
likely
AEs,
developing
evidence-based
strategies
mitigate
them,
while
retaining
modulator
efficacy.
