International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
23(11), P. 5954 - 5954
Published: May 25, 2022
Neurotransmitters
are
molecules
that
amplify,
transmit,
and
convert
signals
in
cells,
having
an
essential
role
information
transmission
throughout
the
nervous
system.
Hundreds
of
such
chemicals
have
been
discovered
last
century,
continuing
to
be
identified
studied
concerning
their
action
on
brain
health.
These
substances
observed
influence
numerous
functions,
including
emotions,
thoughts,
memories,
learning,
movements.
Thus,
disturbances
neurotransmitters'
homeostasis
started
being
correlated
with
a
plethora
neurological
neurodegenerative
disorders.
In
this
respect,
present
paper
aims
describe
most
important
neurotransmitters,
broadly
classified
into
canonical
(e.g.,
amino
acids,
monoamines,
acetylcholine,
purines,
soluble
gases,
neuropeptides)
noncanonical
neurotransmitters
exosomes,
steroids,
D-aspartic
acid),
explain
link
some
relevant
conditions.
Moreover,
brief
overview
recently
developed
detection
methods
is
offered,
followed
by
several
considerations
modulation
these
towards
restoring
homeostasis.
Genes & Development,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
37(5-6), P. 204 - 217
Published: March 1, 2023
Although
it
is
well
established
that
Huntington's
disease
(HD)
mainly
caused
by
polyglutamine-expanded
mutant
huntingtin
(mHTT),
the
molecular
mechanism
of
mHTT-mediated
actions
not
fully
understood.
Here,
we
showed
expression
N-terminal
fragment
containing
expanded
polyglutamine
(HTTQ94)
mHTT
able
to
promote
both
ACSL4-dependent
and
ACSL4-independent
ferroptosis.
Surprisingly,
inactivation
ferroptosis
fails
show
any
effect
on
life
span
mice.
Moreover,
using
RNAi-mediated
screening,
identified
ALOX5
as
a
major
factor
required
for
induced
HTTQ94.
ferroptotic
responses
triggered
common
inducers
such
erastin,
loss
abolishes
HTTQ94-mediated
upon
reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS)-induced
stress.
Interestingly,
also
in
neuronal
cells
high
levels
glutamate.
Mechanistically,
HTTQ94
activates
ALOX5-mediated
stabilizing
FLAP,
an
essential
cofactor
lipoxygenase
activity.
Notably,
Alox5
gene
abrogates
activity
striatal
neurons
from
HD
mice;
more
importantly,
significantly
ameliorates
pathological
phenotypes
extends
spans
these
Taken
together,
results
demonstrate
critical
suggest
potential
new
target
disease.
Cells,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
13(10), P. 790 - 790
Published: May 7, 2024
Translational
research
in
neurological
and
psychiatric
diseases
is
a
rapidly
advancing
field
that
promises
to
redefine
our
approach
these
complex
conditions
[...]
Immunity,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
57(1), P. 86 - 105.e9
Published: Dec. 29, 2023
Triggering
receptor
expressed
on
myeloid
cells
2
(Trem2)
is
a
cell-specific
gene
in
brain
microglia,
with
variants
that
are
associated
neurodegenerative
diseases,
including
Alzheimer's
disease.
Trem2
essential
for
microglia-mediated
synaptic
refinement,
but
whether
contributes
to
shaping
neuronal
development
remains
unclear.
Here,
we
demonstrate
plays
key
role
controlling
the
bioenergetic
profile
of
pyramidal
neurons
during
development.
In
absence
Trem2,
developing
hippocampal
cornus
ammonis
(CA)1
not
CA3
subfield
displayed
compromised
energetic
metabolism,
accompanied
by
reduced
mitochondrial
mass
and
abnormal
organelle
ultrastructure.
This
was
paralleled
transcriptional
rearrangement
at
birth,
pervasive
alteration
metabolic,
oxidative
phosphorylation,
signatures,
delay
maturation
CA1
neurons.
Our
results
unveil
regulating
metabolic
fitness
region-specific
manner.
Aging and Disease,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
Post-stroke
depression
(PSD)
is
a
complex
mood
disorder
that
emerges
in
individuals
following
stroke,
characterized
by
the
development
of
depressive
symptoms.
The
pathogensis
PSD
diverse,
with
inflammation
playing
vital
role
its
onset
and
progression.
Emerging
evidence
suggests
microglial
activation,
astrocyte
responses,
nuclear
factor
κB(NF-κB)
signaling,
dysregulation
hypothalamic
pituitary
adrenal
(HPA)
axis,
alterations
brain-derived
neurotrophic
(BDNF)
expression,
neurotransmitter
imbalances,
adenosine
triphosphate
(ATP)
receptors
oxidative
stress
are
intricately
linked
to
pathogenesis
PSD.
involvement
inflammatory
cytokines
these
processes
highlights
significance
pathway.
Integrating
hypotheses,
mechanism
offers
novel
perspective
expand
therapeutic
strategies
for
Frontiers in Neural Circuits,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
19
Published: Feb. 25, 2025
Optogenetics
and
chemogenetics
are
emerging
neuromodulation
techniques
that
have
attracted
significant
attention
in
recent
years.
These
enable
the
precise
control
of
specific
neuronal
types
neural
circuits,
allowing
researchers
to
investigate
cellular
mechanisms
underlying
depression.
The
advancement
these
has
significantly
contributed
understanding
circuits
involved
depression;
when
combined
with
other
technologies,
they
provide
novel
therapeutic
targets
diagnostic
tools
for
clinical
treatment
Additionally,
provided
theoretical
support
development
antidepressants.
This
review
primarily
focuses
on
application
optogenetics
several
brain
regions
closely
associated
depressive-like
behaviors
rodent
models,
such
as
ventral
tegmental
area,
nucleus
accumbens,
prefrontal
cortex,
hippocampus,
dorsal
raphe
nucleus,
lateral
habenula
discusses
potential
challenges
future
research.
Furthermore,
this
pose
research
describes
current
state
sonogenetics
odourgenetics
developed
based
chemogenetics.
Specifically,
study
aimed
reliable
insights
directions
role
depressive
models.
