Sex differences in cancer mechanisms

Biology of Sex Differences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: April 15, 2020

We now know that cancer is many different diseases, with great variation even within a single histological subtype. With the current emphasis on developing personalized approaches to treatment, it astonishing we have not yet systematically incorporated biology of sex differences into our paradigms for laboratory and clinical research. While some in arise through actions circulating hormones, other are independent estrogen, testosterone, or progesterone levels. Instead, these result sexual differentiation, process involves genetic epigenetic mechanisms, addition acute hormone actions. Sexual differentiation begins fertilization continues beyond menopause. It affects virtually every body system, resulting marked such areas as growth, lifespan, metabolism, immunity, all which can impact progression, treatment response, survival. These organismal level correlates at cellular level, thus, males females fundamentally differ their protections vulnerabilities cancer, from transformation stages spread, response treatment. Our goal this review cover robust exist core pathways make case inclusion biological variable finish discussion lab- clinic-based experimental design should be used when testing whether matters appropriate statistical models apply data analysis rigorous evaluations potential effects. facilitate evaluation order improve outcomes patients.

Language: Английский

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Tumor Endothelial Cells (TECs) as Potential Immune Directors of the Tumor Microenvironment – New Findings and Future Perspectives

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: Aug. 19, 2020

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a central role in cancer development and progression. It represents complex network of cell (sub-)clones variety stromal types. Recently, new technology platforms shed light on the cellular composition TME at very high resolution identified landscape multi-lineage immune cells (e.g. T B lymphocytes, myeloid cells, dendritic cells), associated fibroblasts (CAF) endothelial (TECs). A growing body evidence suggests that metabolically, genetically their transcriptomic profile TECs exhibit unique phenotypic functional characteristics when compared to normal (NECs). Furthermore, is multifaceted as they are not only relevant for promoting angiogenesis but have also evolved key mediators regulation TME. Regulatory mechanisms profoundly impact peripheral trafficking into compartment by acting major gatekeepers transmigration. Moreover, with priming, activation proliferation antigen-presenting themselves. essential formation tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) within tumor, which recently been treatment response checkpoint antibody therapy. Further NECs proliferative potential well greatly altered gene expression upregulation pro-angiogenic, extracellular matrix remodeling stemness genes), results enhanced secretion immunomodulatory cytokines cell-surface receptors histocompatibility (MHC) checkpoints). TEC phenotype may be rooted an aggressive micro-milieu based stress via hypoxia reactive oxygen species. Vice versa might modulate immunogenicity thereby fostering cancer-associated suppression. This review aims elucidate currently emergent pathophysiological aspects particular focus regulators function main future challenge deeply characterize illuminate ultimate goal identification TEC-specific drug targets improve (immuno-)therapy.

Language: Английский

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The traditional Chinese medicines treat chronic heart failure and their main bioactive constituents and mechanisms

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(5), P. 1919 - 1955

Published: Feb. 11, 2023

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a severe public health problem with increasing morbidity and mortality, any treatment targeting single session insufficient to tackle this. CHF characterized by reduced cardiac output resulting from neurohumoral dysregulation remodeling, which might be related oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum apoptosis, autophagy, mitochondrial function, angiogenesis. These molecular mechanisms interact each other through crosstalk. Historically, Chinese medicinal herbs have been widely applied in the of CHF, therapeutic effects their ingredients scientifically confirmed over past decades. Traditional medicine (TCM) multiple components can confront different pathogenesis targets. This review analyzes commonly used TCM patent drugs decoctions that are applicable stages based on clinical trials. Diverse bioactive found treat via mechanisms. comprehensively covers key works underlying TCM, herbal synergistic constituent compatibility treating providing additional ideas address this threat.

Language: Английский

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Endothelial cells in tumor microenvironment: insights and perspectives

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Feb. 15, 2024

The tumor microenvironment is a highly complex and dynamic mixture of cell types, including tumor, immune endothelial cells (ECs), soluble factors (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors), blood vessels extracellular matrix. Within this network, ECs are not only relevant for controlling fluidity permeability, orchestrating angiogenesis but also regulating the antitumor response. Lining luminal side vessels, check passage molecules into compartment, regulate cellular transmigration, interact with both circulating pathogens innate adaptive cells. Thus, they represent first-line defense system that participates in responses. Tumor-associated involved T priming, activation, proliferation by acting as semi-professional antigen presenting targeting may assist improving functions. Moreover, tumor-associated contribute to development at site tertiary lymphoid structures, which have recently been associated enhanced response checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). When compared normal ECs, abnormal terms phenotype, genetic expression profile, They characterized high proliferative potential ability activate immunosuppressive mechanisms support progression metastatic dissemination. A complete phenotypic functional characterization could be helpful clarify their role within identify EC specific drug targets improve cancer therapy. emerging therapeutic strategies based on combination anti-angiogenic treatments immunotherapy strategies, ICI, CAR bispecific antibodies aim impact block same time increase recruitment activation effector tumor.

Language: Английский

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Neutrophil extracellular traps in tumor metabolism and microenvironment

Biomarker Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Jan. 23, 2025

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are intricate, web-like formations composed of DNA, histones, and antimicrobial proteins, released by neutrophils. These structures participate in a wide array physiological pathological activities, including immune rheumatic diseases damage to target organs. Recently, the connection between NETs cancer has garnered significant attention. Within tumor microenvironment metabolism, exhibit multifaceted roles, such as promoting proliferation migration cells, influencing redox balance, triggering angiogenesis, driving metabolic reprogramming. This review offers comprehensive analysis link emphasizing areas that remain underexplored. include interaction with mitochondria, their effect on states within tumors, involvement reprogramming, contribution angiogenesis tumors. Such insights lay theoretical foundation for deeper understanding role development. Moreover, also delves into potential therapeutic strategies suggests future research directions, offering new perspectives treatment other related diseases.

Language: Английский

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Synergies in exosomes and autophagy pathways for cellular homeostasis and metastasis of tumor cells

Cell & Bioscience, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: May 13, 2020

Abstract Background Eukaryotic cells demonstrate two tightly linked vesicular transport systems, comprising intracellular vesicle and extracellular system. Intracellular vesicles can translocate biomolecules between compartments inside the cell, for example, proteins from rough endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus. Whereas, secreted so-called facilitate of biomolecules, nucleic acids, lipids cells. Vesicles be formed during process endocytosis or/and autophagy not only act as mediators intra- inter-cellular communication but also represent pathological conditions or tissues. Methods In this review, we searched articles in PubMed, published 2000 2020, with following terms: autophagy, autophagocytosis, vesicles, lysosomes, endosomes, exocytosis, exosomes, alone different combinations. The biological functions that were selected based on relevancy our topic include cellular homeostasis tumorigenesis. Results literature shows there is a high degree synergies exosome biogenesis which encompass exocytosis autophagosomes amphisomes. These systems maintain operate synergically against fluctuations external internal environment such tumorigenesis metastasis. Additionally, exosomal autophagic may serve cancer diagnosis approaches. Conclusion Exosomal pathways play pivotal roles metastasis tumor Understanding crosstalk endomembrane organelles trafficking expand insight into cooperative disease progression help develop effective therapies lysosomal diseases including cancers beyond.

Language: Английский

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Biology and Models of the Blood–Brain Barrier

Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 23(1), P. 359 - 384

Published: July 13, 2021

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is one of the most selective endothelial barriers. An understanding its cellular, morphological, and biological properties in health disease necessary to develop therapeutics that can be transported from blood brain. In vivo models have provided some insight into these features transport mechanisms adopted at brain, yet they failed as a robust platform for translation results clinical outcomes. this article, we provide general overview major BBB describe various been designed replicate neurological pathologies linked with BBB. We propose several key parameters design characteristics employed engineer physiologically relevant interface highlight need consensus measurement fundamental barrier.

Language: Английский

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SCD1, autophagy and cancer: implications for therapy

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 40(1)

Published: Aug. 24, 2021

Abstract Background Autophagy is an intracellular degradation system that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components and recycles them for other cellular functions. Over the years, a mutual regulation between lipid metabolism autophagy has been uncovered. Methods This narrative review discussing connection SCD1 autophagic process, along with modality through which this crosstalk can be exploited therapeutic purposes. Results Fatty acids, depending on species, have either activating inhibitory roles autophagy. In turn, regulates mobilization of fat from deposits, such as droplets, lipids to prevent lipotoxicity . describes by in cancer cells, focusing role stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), key enzyme involved synthesis monounsaturated fatty acids. plays important cancer, promoting cell proliferation metastasis. The more complex since it act protecting against onset tumor growth. Mounting evidence indicates are tightly interconnected. Conclusion Here, we discuss controversial findings inducer inhibitor highlighting how these activities may result promotion inhibition upon degree heterogeneity plasticity.

Language: Английский

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Focus on ferroptosis, pyroptosis, apoptosis and autophagy of vascular endothelial cells to the strategic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 715, P. 109098 - 109098

Published: Nov. 29, 2021

Language: Английский

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Autophagy and cardiac aging

Cell Death and Differentiation, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 26(4), P. 653 - 664

Published: Jan. 28, 2019

Language: Английский

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