The Gut Microbiota and Inflammation: An Overview

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 17(20), P. 7618 - 7618

Published: Oct. 19, 2020

The gut microbiota encompasses a diverse community of bacteria that carry out various functions influencing the overall health host. These comprise nutrient metabolism, immune system regulation and natural defence against infection. presence certain is associated with inflammatory molecules may bring about inflammation in body tissues. Inflammation underlies many chronic multisystem conditions including obesity, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus bowel disease. be triggered by structural components which can result cascade pathways involving interleukins other cytokines. Similarly, by-products metabolic processes bacteria, some short-chain fatty acids, play role inhibiting processes. In this review, we aimed to provide an overview relationship between highlight relevant knowledge gaps field. Based on current literature, it appears as composition differs individuals contingent variety factors like diet genetics, possess pro-inflammatory effects whilst others harbour those anti-inflammatory effects. Recent technological advancements have allowed for better methods characterising microbiota. Further research continually improve our understanding interact elucidate reasons behind varying presentations same disease varied responses treatment different individuals. Furthermore, inform clinical practice microbes employed probiotic therapies or used identify suitable prebiotic therapies.

Language: Английский

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Fecal microbiota transplantation in human metabolic diseases: From a murky past to a bright future?

Cell Metabolism, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 33(6), P. 1098 - 1110

Published: June 1, 2021

Language: Английский

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Lycium ruthenicum Anthocyanins Attenuate High‐Fat Diet‐Induced Colonic Barrier Dysfunction and Inflammation in Mice by Modulating the Gut Microbiota

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 65(8)

Published: Feb. 25, 2021

Scope Gut barrier dysfunction and inflammation originating from a dysbiotic gut microbiota (GM) are strongly associated with high‐fat diet (HFD). Anthocyanins Lycium ruthenicum (ACs) show antiobesity effects through modulating the GM. However, mechanism linking of ACs GM modulation remains obscure. Methods results To investigate ameliorative on colonic inflammation, mice fed an HFD or without at doses 50, 100, 200 mg kg −1 for 12 weeks. AC supplementation reduced weight gain, enriched short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA)‐producing bacteria (e.g., Ruminococcaceae, Muribaculaceae, Akkermansia, Ruminococcaceae_ UCG‐014 , Bacteroides ) SCFA content, depleted endotoxin‐producing Helicobacter Desulfovibrionaceae), decreased endotoxin (i.e., lipopolysaccharide) levels. SCFAs substantially activated G protein‐coupled receptors (GPRs), inhibited histone deacetylases (HDAC), increased intestinal tight junction mRNA protein expression levels, permeability, protected integrity in HFD‐induced mice. These mitigate by inhibiting LPS/NF‐κB/TLR4 pathway. Conclusion data indicates that can induce production inhibit HFD‐fed This finding provides clue understanding ACs.

Language: Английский

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Targeting gut dysbiosis against inflammation and impaired autophagy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy

EMBO Molecular Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(3)

Published: Jan. 3, 2023

Nothing is known about the potential implication of gut microbiota in skeletal muscle disorders. Here, we provide evidence that fecal composition along with circulating levels short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and related metabolites are altered mdx mouse model Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) compared healthy controls. Supplementation sodium butyrate (NaB) mice rescued strength autophagy, prevented inflammation associated excessive endocannabinoid signaling at CB1 receptors to same extent as deflazacort (DFZ), standard palliative care for DMD. In LPS-stimulated C2C12 myoblasts, NaB reduces inflammation, promotes prevents dysregulation microRNAs targeting receptor gene, a manner depending on activation GPR109A PPARγ receptors. sum, propose novel disease-modifying approach DMD may have benefits also other dystrophies.

Language: Английский

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MHC Class II Presentation in Autoimmunity

Cells, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(2), P. 314 - 314

Published: Jan. 14, 2023

Antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules is crucial for eliciting an efficient immune response CD4+ T cells and maintaining self-antigen tolerance. Some MHC-II alleles are known to be positively or negatively associated with the risk of development different autoimmune diseases (ADs), including those characterized emergence autoreactive cells. Apparently, self-antigens contributes cell response, initiated through a breakdown central tolerance in thymus. The appearance might result (i) unusual interaction between receptors (TCRs) presented on MHC-II; (ii) posttranslational modifications (PTMs) self-antigens; (iii) direct loading classical without additional nonclassical MHC assistance; (iv) proinflammatory environment effect expression antigen presentation; (v) molecular mimicry foreign self-antigens. peculiarities processes involved MHC-II-mediated may have importance elucidation mechanisms triggering developing ADs as well clarification protective that ADs.

Language: Английский

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Infant microbes and metabolites point to childhood neurodevelopmental disorders

Cell, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 187(8), P. 1853 - 1873.e15

Published: April 1, 2024

This study has followed a birth cohort for over 20 years to find factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorder (ND) diagnosis. Detailed, early-life longitudinal questionnaires captured infection and antibiotic events, stress, prenatal factors, family history, more. Biomarkers including cord serum metabolome lipidome, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype, infant microbiota, stool were assessed. Among the 16,440 Swedish children across time, 1,197 developed an ND. Significant associations emerged future ND diagnosis in general specific subtypes, spanning intellectual disability, speech disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity autism. investigation revealed microbiome connections as well early emerging mood gastrointestinal problems. The findings suggest links immunodysregulation metabolism, compounded by infection, antibiotics. convergence of biomarkers risk this prospective, on large-scale population establishes foundation prediction intervention neurodevelopment.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Gut Microbiota and Environmental Factors in Type 1 Diabetes Pathogenesis

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Feb. 26, 2020

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is regarded as an autoimmune disease characterized by insulin deficiency resulting from destruction of pancreatic β-cells. The incidence rates T1D have increased worldwide. Over the past decades, progress has been made in understanding complexity immune response and its role pathogenesis, however, trigger autoimmunity remains unclear. increasing rates, immigrant studies twin suggest that environmental factors play important cannot simply be explained genetic predisposition. Several research initiatives identified potentially contribute to onset progression children/young adults. More recently, interplay between gut microbiota system implicated factor pathogenesis. Although results often vary studies, broad compositional diversity patterns emerged both longitudinal cross-sectional human studies. patients a less diverse microbiota, prevalence Bacteriodetes taxa aberrant metabolomic profile compared healthy controls. In this comprehensive review, we present data obtained animal focusing on large These are particularly valuable elucidating lead composition T1D. We also discuss how such birth mode, diet, antibiotic use modulate contributes final section, focus existing recent literature microbiota-produced metabolites, proteins, virome function potential protectants or triggers onset. Overall, current indicate higher levels along with presence beneficial microbes microbial-produced metabolites can act protectors against However, specifics host yet discovered.

Language: Английский

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Impact of type 1 diabetes on the composition and functional potential of gut microbiome in children and adolescents: possible mechanisms, current knowledge, and challenges

Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2021

Diabetes prevalence and incidence among youth have been increasing globally. Type 1 (T1D) in children or adolescents accounts for 5-10% of all diagnosed cases diabetes. Emerging evidence indicates that genetic factors, especially genes the human leukocyte antigen region, are not only factors involved predisposition an individual to T1D. The pathogenesis development T1D is driven by both environmental factors. Studies indicate gut microbiota one potential influencers pathophysiology TID. Gut mediates diabetes altering intestinal permeability, modifying immunity, molecular mimicry. microbial diversity, taxonomic profile, functional microbes significantly altered individuals with as compared healthy individuals. However, studies still needed identify specific metabolites This will help microbiome-based therapeutic strategies prevention treatment present review article highlights following: (i) current knowledge gaps understanding association between microbiome specifically focusing on composition adolescents, (ii) possible mechanisms microbiome-mediated pathogenesis, (iii) challenges future direction this field.Abbreviations: B/F ratio: Bacteroidetes Firmicutes ratio; F/B FDR: First-degree relatives; GPR: G protein-coupled receptors; HLA: leucocyte antigen; IL: interleukin; IFN- γ: interferon-γ; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes Genomes; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; mTOR: mammalian target rapamycin; PICRUSt: Phylogenetic Investigation Communities Reconstruction Unobserved States; SCFA: short chain fatty acids; T1D: diabetes; T2D: 2 TJ: tight junction; Tregs: regulatory T cells.

Language: Английский

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Intestinal ‘Infant-Type’ Bifidobacteria Mediate Immune System Development in the First 1000 Days of Life

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(7), P. 1498 - 1498

Published: April 2, 2022

Immune system maturation begins early in life, but few studies have examined how early-life gut microbiota colonization educates the neonatal immune system. Bifidobacteria predominate intestines of breastfed infants and metabolize human milk oligosaccharides. This glycolytic activity alters intestinal microenvironment consequently stimulates at stage. However, provided mechanistic insights into contribution ‘infant-type’ Bifidobacterium species, especially via metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. In this review, we highlight first 1000 days which provide a window opportunity for infant-type bifidobacteria to educate Furthermore, discuss instrumental role education by inducing tolerance suppressing inflammation, potential underlying mechanism effect life. We also summarize recent research that suggests administration helps modify microecology prevent progress immune-mediated disorders.

Language: Английский

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Altered gut microbiota correlates with behavioral problems but not gastrointestinal symptoms in individuals with autism

Brain Behavior and Immunity, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 106, P. 161 - 178

Published: Sept. 2, 2022

Despite inconsistent results across studies, emerging evidence suggests that the microbial micro-environment may be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Geographical and cultural factors highly impact profiles, there is a shortage of data from East Asian populations. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize profiles in an sample explore whether gut microbiota contributes clinical symptoms, emotional/behavioral problems, GI symptoms ASD.We assessed 82 boys young men ASD 31 typically developing controls (TDC), aged 6-25 years. We analyzed stool all participants 16S V3-V4 rRNA sequencing correlated its profile autistic problems.Autistic individuals, compared TDC, had worse symptoms. There were no group differences alpha diversity species richness estimates (Shannon-wiener Simpson indices). Participants increased relative abundance Fusobacterium, Ruminococcus torques (at genus level), Bacteroides plebeius DSM 17135 while decreased Ruminococcaceae UCG 013, Ervsipelotrichaceae 003, Parasutterella, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Turicibacter spiroforme 1552 Intestinimonas butyriciproducens level). Altered taxonomic significantly thought delinquent behaviors, self dysregulation, somatic complaints. did not find association between dysbiosis.Our findings suggest altered are behavioral phenotypes but ASD. The function identified mainly involves immune pathway, supporting hypothesis complex relationship microbiome, advance discovery molecular biomarkers for

Language: Английский

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