Photonics,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
11(2), P. 101 - 101
Published: Jan. 23, 2024
Exosomes
distributed
by
extracellular
vesicles
carry
various
information
highly
consistent
with
cells,
becoming
a
new
type
of
biomarker
for
tumor
screening.
However,
although
conventional
characterization
technologies
can
quantify
size
and
morphology
exosomes,
they
are
limited
in
related
fields
such
as
function
tracing,
protein
quantification
at
unit
point,
microstructural
information.
In
this
paper,
firstly,
different
exosome
methods
systematically
reviewed,
dynamic
light
scattering,
nanoparticle
tracking
analysis,
flow
cytometry,
electron
microscope,
emerging
super-resolution
imaging
technologies.
Then,
advances
applications
described
one
one.
Last
but
not
least,
we
compare
the
features
exosomes
propose
that
technology
only
take
into
account
advantages
techniques
also
provide
accurate,
real-time,
quantitative
analysis
exosomes.
It
provides
fine
guide
exosome-related
biomedical
research,
well
application
liquid
biopsy
techniques.
Science Advances,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
10(19)
Published: May 8, 2024
Exosomes
are
secreted
vesicles
of
~30
to
150
nm
diameter
that
play
important
roles
in
human
health
and
disease.
To
better
understand
how
cells
release
these
vesicles,
we
examined
the
biogenesis
most
highly
enriched
exosome
marker
proteins,
exosomal
tetraspanins
CD81,
CD9,
CD63.
We
show
here
endocytosis
inhibits
their
vesicular
secretion
and,
case
CD9
triggers
destruction.
Furthermore,
syntenin,
a
previously
described
factor,
drives
CD63
by
blocking
other
inhibitors
also
induce
plasma
membrane
accumulation
Finally,
is
an
expression-dependent
inhibitor
lysosomal
proteins
clathrin
adaptor
AP-2
mu2.
These
results
suggest
exosome-sized
occurs
primarily
endocytosis-independent
pathway.
The Journal of Cell Biology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
223(9)
Published: Aug. 12, 2024
Most
secreted
proteins
are
transported
through
the
“conventional”
endoplasmic
reticulum–Golgi
apparatus
exocytic
route
for
their
delivery
to
cell
surface
and
release
into
extracellular
space.
Nonetheless,
formative
discoveries
have
underscored
existence
of
alternative
or
“unconventional”
secretory
routes,
which
play
a
crucial
role
in
exporting
diverse
array
cytosolic
outside
response
intrinsic
demands,
external
cues,
environmental
changes.
In
this
context,
lysosomes
emerge
as
dynamic
organelles
positioned
at
crossroads
multiple
intracellular
trafficking
pathways,
endowed
with
capacity
fuse
plasma
membrane
recognized
key
both
conventional
unconventional
protein
secretion.
The
recent
recognition
lysosomal
transport
exocytosis
secretion
cargo
provides
new
promising
insights
our
understanding
numerous
physiological
processes.
Experimental Hematology and Oncology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
14(1)
Published: Feb. 1, 2025
Abstract
Secretory
autophagy
is
a
classical
form
of
unconventional
secretion
that
integrates
with
the
secretory
process,
relying
on
highly
conserved
autophagy-related
molecules
and
playing
critical
role
in
tumor
progression
treatment
resistance.
Traditional
responsible
for
degrading
intracellular
substances
by
fusing
autophagosomes
lysosomes.
However,
uses
signaling
to
mediate
specific
regulate
microenvironment
(TME).
Cytoplasmic
are
preferentially
secreted
rather
than
directed
toward
lysosomal
degradation,
involving
various
selective
mechanisms.
Moreover,
released
convey
biological
signals
TME,
inducing
immune
dysregulation
contributing
drug
Therefore,
elucidating
mechanisms
underlying
essential
improving
clinical
treatments.
This
review
systematically
summarizes
current
knowledge
autophagy,
from
initiation
secretion,
considering
inter-tumor
heterogeneity,
explores
its
across
different
types.
Furthermore,
it
proposes
future
research
directions
highlights
unresolved
challenges.
Journal of Biological Chemistry,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 108264 - 108264
Published: Feb. 1, 2025
Cell-to-cell
communication
is
mediated
by
vesicles
ranging
from
30
to
150
nanometers,
known
as
exosomes.
These
exosomes
shuttle
bioactive
molecules
such
proteins,
lipids,
and
nucleic
acids,
thus
playing
crucial
roles
in
both
health
disease
mechanisms.
Exosomes
form
within
the
endocytic
pathway
through
process
of
inward
budding
endosomal
membrane,
facilitated
progressive
acidification
lumen.
Although
pH
be
critical
for
exosome
production,
precise
molecular
mechanisms
involved
remain
poorly
defined.
Maintaining
optimal
involves
meticulous
coordination
between
proton
pumping
leakage
The
sodium-proton
exchanger
NHE9,
located
on
modulates
transporting
protons
out
endosomes
exchange
sodium
or
potassium
ions.
Here,
we
use
genetic
engineering,
biochemistry,
advanced
microscopy
demonstrate
that
NHE9
significantly
affects
production
regulating
pH.
NHE9-mediated
alkalization
impairs
Rab7
activation,
thereby
disrupting
delivery
multivesicular
(MVEs)
lysosomes.
Moreover,
luminal
promotes
recruitment
Rab27b.
This
enhances
targeting
MVEs
cell
periphery,
their
fusion
with
plasma
subsequent
secretion.
Our
findings
reveal
detailed
which
regulates
production.
Additionally,
identify
a
potential
target
therapeutic
strategies
aimed
at
controlling
dynamics.
Analytical Chemistry,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Feb. 3, 2025
Systematic
analysis
of
the
information
content
biological
external
vesicles
(BEVs)
is
essential
for
understanding
complex
relationships
between
metabolic
processes
and
cells
at
a
systemic
level.
Although
considerable
efforts
have
been
made
to
enrich
BEVs,
their
comprehensive
in
way
that
maintains
stabilizes
maintenance
high
doses
remains
challenge.
To
address
this
issue,
we
developed
metal–organic
nanoslice-coupled
exocytosis
phospholipid
layer
method
utilized
subtle
interactions
nanoslice
molecular
membrane
achieve
convenient
efficient
enrichment
BEVs.
The
bypassed
conventional
ultracentrifugation
size
exclusion
separation
helped
highly
preserve
internal
on
By
integrating
analyzing
enriched
BEVs
elements
such
as
proteins
endotoxins,
simplicity
robustness
vesicle
surface
technology
were
verified,
which
provided
reliable
platform
studying
cellular
events
associated
with
outer
expanded
applications
nanoslice.
