The mycorrhizal symbiosis: research frontiers in genomics, ecology, and agricultural application

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 242(4), P. 1486 - 1506

Published: Jan. 31, 2024

Summary Mycorrhizal symbioses between plants and fungi are vital for the soil structure, nutrient cycling, plant diversity, ecosystem sustainability. More than 250 000 species associated with mycorrhizal fungi. Recent advances in genomics related approaches have revolutionized our understanding of biology ecology associations. The genomes 250+ been released hundreds genes that play pivotal roles regulating symbiosis development metabolism characterized. rDNA metabarcoding metatranscriptomics provide novel insights into ecological cues driving communities functions expressed by these associations, linking to traits such as acquisition organic matter decomposition. Here, we review genomic studies revealed involved uptake development, discuss adaptations fundamental evolution lifestyles. We also evaluated services provided networks how hold promise sustainable agriculture forestry enhancing stress tolerance. Overall, unraveling intricate dynamics is paramount promoting sustainability addressing current pressing environmental concerns. This ends major frontiers further research.

Language: Английский

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Plant–soil synchrony in nutrient cycles: Learning from ecosystems to design sustainable agrosystems

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 30(1)

Published: Dec. 12, 2023

Abstract Redesigning agrosystems to include more ecological regulations can help feed a growing human population, preserve soils for future productivity, limit dependency on synthetic fertilizers, and reduce agriculture contribution global changes such as eutrophication warming. However, guidelines redesigning cropping systems from natural make them sustainable remain limited. Synthetizing the knowledge biogeochemical cycles in ecosystems, we outline four that synchronize supply of soluble nutrients by soil biota with fluctuating nutrient demand plants. This synchrony limits deficiencies excesses nutrients, which usually penalize both production regulating services retention carbon storage. In outlined, emerges plant–soil plant–plant interactions, eco‐physiological processes, physicochemical dynamics various reservoirs, including organic matter, minerals, atmosphere, common market. We discuss relative importance these depending pedoclimatic context functional diversity plants microbes. offer ideas about how could be stimulated within improve their sustainability. A review latest advances agronomy shows some practices suggested promote (e.g., reduced tillage, rotation perennial plant cover, crop diversification) have already been tested shown effective reducing losses, fertilizer use, N 2 O emissions and/or improving biomass Our framework also highlights new management strategies defines conditions success nature‐based allowing site‐specific modifications. synthetized should practitioners long‐term productivity while negative impact environment climate.

Language: Английский

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Re‐examining the evidence for the mother tree hypothesis – resource sharing among trees via ectomycorrhizal networks

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 239(1), P. 19 - 28

Published: May 7, 2023

Summary Seminal scientific papers positing that mycorrhizal fungal networks can distribute carbon (C) among plants have stimulated a popular narrative overstory trees, or ‘mother trees’, support the growth of seedlings in this way. This has far‐reaching implications for our understanding forest ecology and been controversial community. We review current ectomycorrhizal C metabolism observations on regeneration make mother tree debatable. then re‐examine data conclusions from publications underlie hypothesis. Isotopic labeling methods are uniquely suited studying element fluxes through ecosystems, but complexity symbiosis, low detection limits, small discrimination biological processes cause researchers to important inferences based miniscule shifts isotopic abundance, which be misleading. conclude evidence significant net transfer via common benefits recipients is still lacking. Furthermore, role fungi as pipeline between trees difficult reconcile with any adaptive advantages fungi. Finally, hypothesis neither supported by boreal patterns nor consistent physiological mechanisms controlling symbiosis.

Language: Английский

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Arbuscular mycorrhiza: advances and retreats in our understanding of the ecological functioning of the mother of all root symbioses

Plant and Soil, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 489(1-2), P. 41 - 88

Published: May 2, 2023

Abstract Background Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis has been referred to as the mother of all plant root symbioses it predated evolution roots. The AM research is a multidisciplinary field at intersection soil science, mycology, and botany. However, in recent decades nature properties soils, which develops functions, have received less attention than desired. Scope In this review we discuss number developments research. We particularly cover role acquisition phosphorus, nitrogen, heavy metals metalloids, well water by plants from soil; effects on nutritional stoichiometry carbon cycle; hyphosphere microbiome; so-called facultative plants; explanations for lack benefit; common networks; arbuscular ectomycorrhizal ecosystems. Conclusion reflect what previously described ‘dogmas’. conclude that these are fact generalisations supported multiple studies, while admitting there potentially geographical bias developed temperate boreal regions, other ecosystems might uncover greater diversity viable non-mycorrhizal strategies currently acknowledged. also note an increasing tendency overinterpret data, may lead stagnation some fields due experiments designed test mechanistic basis processes rather cumulating descriptive studies correlative evidences.

Language: Английский

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Mycorrhizal feedbacks influence global forest structure and diversity

Communications Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: Oct. 19, 2023

One mechanism proposed to explain high species diversity in tropical systems is strong negative conspecific density dependence (CDD), which reduces recruitment of juveniles proximity adult plants. Although evidence shows that plant-specific soil pathogens can drive CDD, trees also form key mutualisms with mycorrhizal fungi, may counteract these effects. Across 43 large-scale forest plots worldwide, we tested whether ectomycorrhizal tree exhibit weaker CDD than arbuscular species. We further for conmycorrhizal (CMDD) test benefit from shared mutualists. found the strength varies systematically type, exhibiting higher sapling densities increasing Moreover, positive CMDD both types. Collectively, findings indicate interactions likely play a foundational role global patterns and structure.

Language: Английский

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Overcoming confusion and stigma in habitat fragmentation research

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 99(4), P. 1411 - 1424

Published: March 13, 2024

ABSTRACT Anthropogenic habitat loss is widely recognized as a primary environmental concern. By contrast, debates on the effects of fragmentation persist. To facilitate overcoming these debates, here we: ( i ) review state literature fragmentation, finding widespread confusion and stigma; ii identify consequences this for biodiversity conservation ecosystem management; iii suggest ways in which research can move forward to resolve problems. Confusion evident from 25 most‐cited articles published between 2017 2021. These use five distinct concepts only one clearly distinguishes area other factors (‘fragmentation per se ’). Stigmatization our new findings that papers are more charged with negative sentiments when compared subfields sciences, cited more. While most empirical studies find neutral or positive species outcomes, implies small patches have high cumulative value, stigma reporting discussing such results led suboptimal protection policy. For example, government agencies, organizations, land trusts impose minimum patch sizes protection. Given value patches, policies mean many opportunities being missed. Our highlights importance reducing research. end, we propose implementing study designs multiple sample landscapes selected across independent gradients amount measured density. We show possible forest Earth's biomes. As adopted, language becomes precise, expect will dissipate. also important breakthroughs understanding situations where neutral, positive, negative, reasons differences. Ultimately improve efficacy area‐based policies, benefit people.

Language: Английский

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Clarifying the definition of common mycorrhizal networks

Functional Ecology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 12, 2024

Abstract Common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) are an enigmatic feature of soil and ecology. The current use the term ‘common network’ stipulates a direct, continuous physical link between plants formed by mycelium fungal genets. This means that specific case (involving hyphal continuity) is used to define much broader phenomenon hyphae interlinking among roots different plants. We here embrace more inclusive definition CMN as network genets plants, irrespective type connection or interaction, not limited direct linkages. Implicitly, this version has been many researchers already. propose using with continuity’ (CMN‐HC) capture via which important study for some (notable carbon nutrient exchange), but all functions (e.g. transfer infochemicals microbes). In addition, becoming general than CMN, we introduce (CFN) include any fungus; includes also non‐mycorrhizal fungi, indeed combination networks. assert new conceptual framework incorporating three hierarchical terms (CMN‐HC, CFN), ranging from most very broad, can usher in period research activity on Read free Plain Language Summary article Journal blog.

Language: Английский

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Mycoheterotrophy in the wood-wide web

Nature Plants, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(5), P. 710 - 718

Published: April 19, 2024

Language: Английский

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Common mycorrhizal network: the predominant socialist and capitalist responses of possible plant–plant and plant–microbe interactions for sustainable agriculture

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: March 26, 2024

Plants engage in a variety of interactions, including sharing nutrients through common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs), which are facilitated by arbuscular fungi (AMF). These can promote the establishment, growth, and distribution limited that important for plant turn benefits entire network plants. Interactions between plants microbes rhizosphere complex either be socialist or capitalist nature, knowledge these interactions is equally progress sustainable agricultural practice. In network, resources distributed more evenly, providing all connected plants, such as symbiosis. For example, direct indirect transfer to stimulation growth phytohormones, antagonism toward pathogenic microorganisms, mitigation stresses. AMF would privately controlled profit certain groups hence increasing competition Such invading act saprophytic cause necrotrophy colonizing first case, an excess nutritional may donated receiver transfer. second unequal occurs, certainly favor individual increases interactions. This largely depends on responses predominant (“socialist” “capitalist”) at moment connected. Therefore, some species might benefit from CMNs than others, depending fungal involved association. Nevertheless, disadvantages hard distinguish nature once most colonized simultaneously multiple species, each with its own cost-benefits. Classifying plant–microbe based their habitat specificity, presence leaf surfaces (phyllospheric), within tissues (endophytic), root (rhizospheric), surface-dwelling organisms (epiphytic), helps highlight dense intricate connections occur both above below ground. relationships, often mutualistic where parties derive mutual benefits, exemplifying socialistic capitalistic review discusses ubiquity, functioning, management interventions different types plant–plant CMNs, how they address environmental challenges agriculture.

Language: Английский

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Plant Immunity Modulation in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Its Impact on Pathogens and Pests

Annual Review of Phytopathology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 62(1), P. 127 - 156

Published: Sept. 9, 2024

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is the oldest and most widespread mutualistic association on Earth involves plants soil fungi belonging to Glomeromycotina. A complex molecular, cellular, genetic developmental program enables partner recognition, fungal accommodation in plant tissues, activation of symbiotic functions such as transfer phosphorus exchange for carbohydrates lipids. AM fungi, ancient obligate biotrophs, have evolved strategies circumvent defense responses guarantee an intimate long-lasting mutualism. They are among those root-associated microorganisms able boost plants’ ability cope with biotic stresses leading mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR), which can be effective across diverse hosts against different attackers. Here, we examine molecular mechanisms underlying modulation immunity during colonization by at onset display MIR belowground aboveground pests pathogens. Understanding efficiency spectrum its regulation great importance optimizing biotechnological application these beneficial microbes sustainable crop protection.

Language: Английский

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