Allelochemicals and soil microorganisms jointly mediate sex‐specific belowground interactions in dioecious Populus cathayana

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 240(4), P. 1519 - 1533

Published: Aug. 24, 2023

Summary Little is known about how sex differences in root zone characteristics, such as contents of allelochemicals and soil microbial composition, mediate intra‐ intersexual interactions dioecious plants. We examined the processes mechanisms sex‐specific belowground mediated by microorganisms Populus cathayana females males replicated 30‐yr‐old experimental stands situ a series controlled experiments. Female roots released greater amount more diverse phenolic into environment, resulting growth inhibition same neighbors deterioration community microorganisms. When grown with males, was consistently enhanced, especially growth. Compared female monocultures, presence reduced total accumulation soil, shift from allelopathic to chemical facilitation. This association enhanced favorable bacterial increased diversity, it induced changes orientation roots. Our study highlighted novel mechanism that enhances performance through alterations allelochemical content composition. The possibility improve productivity mediation provides opportunities for managing plantations

Language: Английский

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Sex-biased gene expression across tissues reveals unexpected differentiation in the gills of the threespine stickleback

Peer Community Journal, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 5

Published: Jan. 13, 2025

Sexual dimorphism can evolve through sex-specific regulation of the same gene set. However, sex chromosomes also facilitate this by directly linking expression to sex. Moreover, differences in content between heteromorphic contribute sexual dimorphism. Understanding patterns sex-biased across organisms is important for gaining insight into evolution and chromosomes. studying species with recently established help understand evolutionary dynamics loss dosage compensation. The three-spined stickleback known its strong dimorphism, especially during reproductive period. Sex determined a young XY chromosome pair non-recombining region divided three strata, which have started degenerate. Using high multiplexing capability 3′ QuantSeq sequence transcriptome liver, gills, brain, we provide first characterization transcriptomes from ~80 sticklebacks (40 males 40 females) collected natural population We find that liver extremely differentiated sexes (36% autosomal genes) reflects ongoing reproduction, while brain shows very low levels differentiation (0.78%) no functional enrichment. Finally, gills exhibit (5%), suggesting should be considered physiological ecotoxicological studies gill responses fishes. hemizygous genes mainly driven lack conserved copies on both likely degeneration Y allele down-regulation male-beneficial mutations X chromosome.

Language: Английский

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The release of sexual conflict after sex loss is associated with evolutionary changes in gene expression

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 292(2039)

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Sexual conflict can arise because males and females, while sharing most of their genome, have different phenotypic optima. Sexually dimorphic gene expression may help reduce conflict, but the many genes remain sub-optimal owing to unresolved tensions between sexes. Asexual lineages lack such making them relevant models for understanding extent which sexual influences expression. We investigate evolution subsequent sex loss by contrasting patterns asexual in pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Although this produce a small number autumn, mating opportunities are limited geographic isolation lineages. Therefore, parthenogenetic females is no longer constrained that other morphs. found from tended towards female optimum, agreement with theoretical predictions. Surprisingly, overexpressed normally ovaries testes These changes relaxation selection or dysregulation networks otherwise used

Language: Английский

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Evolution of sexual dimorphism in nonhuman primates

Science China Life Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 17, 2025

Language: Английский

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Fast evolutionary turnover and overlapping variances of sex-biased gene expression patterns defy a simple binary classification of sexes

Published: March 28, 2025

The phenotypic differences between the sexes are generated by genes with sex-biased expression. These range from a few major regulators to large numbers of organ-specific effector in sexually mature individuals. We explore variation and evolutionary patterns these dataset natural populations sub-species species mice across an distance two million years. Within short phylogenetic distances, we find faster turnover gene expression compared non-sex-biased adaptive protein evolution for that given taxon. show occur only subset co-expression modules each organ taxa occurs often within main modules. Given our is first animals was combined population genetic context, were interested study within-group variances somatic gonadal tissues their turnover. To visualize individual variances, have developed index (SBI) represents cumulative all organ. SBI distributions can close binary overlapping sexes. They do not correlate organs same individuals, thus supporting mosaic model sex-determination Comparison data humans shows fewer strongly conclude subject fast evolution, no long-term stability male or female characteristics.

Language: Английский

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Molecular and cellular origins of behavioral sex differences: a tiny little fly tells a lot

Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: Oct. 16, 2023

Behavioral sex differences primarily derive from the sexually dimorphic organization of neural circuits that direct behavior. In Drosophila melanogaster , sex-determination genes fruitless ( fru ) and doublesex dsx play pivotal roles in producing sexual dimorphism for Here we examine three groups expressing and/or i.e., P1 cluster, aSP-f aSP-g cluster pairs aDN which causal relationships between behavior characteristics are best illustrated. aSP-f, clusters represent examples where or switches cell-autonomously their neurite structures female-type male-type. Processed sensory inputs impinging on these neurons may result outputs encode different valences, culminate execution distinct according to sex. contrast, is male-specific as its female counterpart undergoes -driven cell death, lowers threshold induction behaviors. We propose products genes, terminal selectors neuronal wiring, induce maintain sex-typical chromatin state at postembryonic stages, orchestrating transcription effector shape single neuron govern survival death.

Language: Английский

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Positive selection and relaxed purifying selection contribute to rapid evolution of male-biased genes in a dioecious flowering plant

eLife, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Feb. 14, 2024

Sex-biased genes offer insights into the evolution of sexual dimorphism. genes, especially those with male bias, show elevated evolutionary rates protein sequences driven by positive selection and relaxed purifying in animals. Although rapid sequence sex-biased forces have been investigated animals brown algae, less is known about dioecious angiosperms. In this study, we separately compared expression between female floral buds flowers at anthesis Trichosanthes pilosa (Cucurbitaceae). buds, gene was pervasive, had significantly different roles dimorphism such as physiology. We observed higher for male-biased to female-biased unbiased genes. Male-biased under were mainly associated functions abiotic stress immune responses, suggesting that high are adaptive evolution. Additionally, may contribute accelerated generated duplication. Our findings, first time angiosperms, suggest evident advance our understanding patterns driving plants.

Language: Английский

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Natural variation in sexual traits and gene expression between selfing and outcrossing Arabidopsis lyrata suggests sexual selection at work

Plant and Cell Physiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Aug. 9, 2024

Flowering plants show significant diversity in sexual strategies, profoundly impacting the evolution of traits and associated genes. Sexual selection is one primary evolutionary forces driving trait variation, particularly evident during pollen-pistil interactions, where pollen grains compete for fertilization females select mating partners. Multiple may intensify competition among donors siring, while contrast, self-fertilization reduces sire-sire competition, relaxing pressure. Traits involved male-male female choice are well described, molecular mechanisms underlying development interactions have been extensively studied model species Arabidopsis thaliana. However, whether these nature remains unclear. To address this gap, we measured intrinsic performance its interaction with choice, investigated gene expression patterns a selfing an outcrossing population lyrata. We found that germination tube growth were significantly higher outcrossers than selfers, difference was accompanied by changes genes vesicle transport cytoskeleton. Outcrosser mother showed negative impact on compared to selfer plants, together auxin stress response, suggesting potential mechanism through crosstalk at post-pollination stage. Our study provides insight plants.

Language: Английский

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Sexual selection on non-ornamental traits is underpinned by evidence of genetic constraints on sex-biased expression in dusky pipefish

Authorea (Authorea), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 10, 2024

Species without dimorphic secondary sex characteristics easily visible to humans, such as difference in size or morphology, are expected experience low levels of sex-specific selection. However, monomorphism classic traits could be a result genetic physiological constraints that prevent the sexes from reaching divergent fitness optima. Additionally, biochemical and molecular work has revealed variety less observed phenotypes none-the-less exhibit profound dimorphism. Sex-specific selection act on these more subtle, visible, traits. We investigate polygynandrous dusky pipefish (Syngnathus floridae), which lacks size, color, morphological Using experimental breeding populations, we although males females have similar opportunities for sexual selection, only significant pressures body size. also investigated patterns sex-biased gene expression gonads, livers, gills, tested whether genes with highly between likely tissue specific, therefore relieved constraints. We. Sex-bias was widespread, reproductive organs had most genes. gills primarily related immune response, whereas liver gonads wide cellular processes, well proteins, showing expression. These constrained by pleiotropy, they were organ-specific their patterns. Altogether, find evidence ongoing historical pipefish.

Language: Английский

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Sex-specific Dominance and Its Effects on Allelic Diversity in Sexually Antagonistic Loci

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 7, 2024

Sexually antagonistic (SA) selection, favouring different alleles in males and females, can contribute to the maintenance of genetic diversity. Current theory predicts that biallelic polymorphism be maintained SA loci under strong selection or dominance reversal sexes. Yet, should often weak, several candidate harbour more than two segregating may not common. We present a general model explore evolution at autosomal X-linked affecting quantitative trait with distinct female male optima. confirm additive allelic effects predict polymorphism, but only symmetric relatively selection. However, polyallelic evolve conditions sex-specific for trait, particularly weak such coexist single population through balancing Our analysis furthermore shows when permitted, thus is likely evolutionary outcome. conclude drive co-evolution differences between sexes an outcome reducing gender load. To assess these findings, we analyse variation three populations insect system find (1) strongest signal are enriched functions associated known phenotypes (2) both exhibiting show stronger polymorphism.

Language: Английский

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