Clinical Biology of the Pituitary Adenoma

Endocrine Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 43(6), P. 1003 - 1037

Published: April 8, 2022

Abstract All endocrine glands are susceptible to neoplastic growth, yet the health consequences of these neoplasms differ between tissues. Pituitary highly prevalent and overwhelmingly benign, exhibiting a spectrum diverse behaviors impact on health. To understand clinical biology common often innocuous neoplasms, we review pituitary physiology adenoma epidemiology, pathophysiology, behavior, consequences. The anterior develops in response range complex brain signals integrating with intrinsic ectodermal cell transcriptional events that together determine gland type differentiation, hormonal production, turn maintaining optimal adenomas occur 10% population; however, overwhelming majority remain harmless during life. Triggered by somatic or germline mutations, disease-causing manifest pathogenic mechanisms disrupt intrapituitary signaling promote benign proliferation associated chromosomal instability. Cellular senescence acts as mechanistic buffer protecting against malignant transformation, an extremely rare event. It is estimated fewer than one-thousandth all cause clinically significant disease. Adenomas variably adversely affect morbidity mortality depending type, hormone secretory activity, growth behavior. For most apparent adenomas, multimodal therapy controlling secretion lead improved quality life normalized mortality. particularly their nature, stands marked contrast other tumors system, such thyroid neuroendocrine tumors.

Language: Английский

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The Importance of Leptin to Reproduction

Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 162(2)

Published: Nov. 9, 2020

Abstract A healthy nutritional state is required for all aspects of reproduction and signaled by the adipokine leptin. Leptin acts in a relatively narrow concentration range: too much or little will compromise fertility. The leptin signal timing important to prepubertal development both sexes. In brain, on ventral premammillary neurons which kisspeptin (Kiss1) stimulate gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Suppression Kiss1 occurs when agouti-related peptide are activated reduced leptin, because normally suppresses these orexigenic pituitary, stimulates production GnRH receptors (GnRHRs) follicle-stimulating at midcycle, activating pathways that derepress actions messenger ribonucleic acid translational regulatory protein Musashi. females, rising estrogen rise serum peaks synchronizing with nocturnal luteinizing pulses. normal range levels (10-20 ng/mL) along gonadotropins growth factors promote ovarian granulosa theca cell functions oocyte maturation. males, promotes testicular development. However, decline boys reflects inhibition secretion androgens. adult 10% 50% those high inhibits function. obesity epidemic has elucidated resistance pathways, either sex leading infertility. Under conditions balanced nutrition, however, timed regulated within level optimizes its trophic effects.

Language: Английский

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Neuroendocrine control of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone: Pulsatile and surge modes of secretion

Journal of Neuroendocrinology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 34(5)

Published: Jan. 19, 2022

Abstract The concept that different systems control episodic and surge secretion of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) was well established by the time GnRH identified formed framework for studies physiological roles GnRH, later kisspeptin. Here, we focus on recent identifying neural mechanisms underlying these two modes secretion, with an emphasis their core components. There is now compelling data kisspeptin neurons in arcuate nucleus also contain neurokinin B (NKB) dynorphin (i.e., KNDy cells) projections to dendrons constitute pulse generator mice rats. strong evidence a similar role sheep goats, weaker monkeys humans. However, whether act and/or soma dendrites are found mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) species remains unclear. components GnRH/luteinising consist endocrine signal initiates process trigger drives during surge. In all spontaneous ovulators, rise estradiol from maturing follicle(s), site estrogen positive feedback being rostral periventricular rodents MBH primates. considerable variations trigger, three major classes. First, reflex this initiated coitus carried or vascular pathways. Second, rodents, there day originates suprachiasmatic activates dendrites. Finally, nitric oxide‐producing ventromedial nucleus, appear participate driving release

Language: Английский

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The Thyroid Hormone Axis and Female Reproduction

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(12), P. 9815 - 9815

Published: June 6, 2023

Thyroid function affects multiple sites of the female hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis. Disruption thyroid has been linked to reproductive dysfunction in women and is associated with menstrual irregularity, infertility, poor pregnancy outcomes, gynecological conditions such as premature ovarian insufficiency polycystic syndrome. Thus, complex molecular interplay between hormones involved functions further compounded by association certain common autoimmune states disorders HPG axes. Furthermore, prepartum intrapartum states, even relatively minor disruptions have shown adversely impact maternal fetal some differences opinion management these conditions. In this review, we provide readers a foundational understanding physiology pathophysiology hormone interactions We also share clinical insights into reproductive-aged women.

Language: Английский

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The Orexin/Hypocretin System, the Peptidergic Regulator of Vigilance, Orchestrates Adaptation to Stress

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(2), P. 448 - 448

Published: Feb. 17, 2024

The orexin/hypocretin neuropeptide family has emerged as a focal point of neuroscientific research following the discovery that this plays crucial role in variety physiological and behavioral processes. These neuropeptides serve powerful neuromodulators, intricately shaping autonomic, endocrine, responses across species. Notably, they master regulators vigilance stress responses; however, their roles food intake, metabolism, thermoregulation appear complementary warrant further investigation. This narrative review provides journey through evolution our understanding orexin system, from its initial to promising progress made developing derivatives. It goes beyond conventional boundaries, striving synthesize multifaceted activities orexins. Special emphasis is placed on domains such response, fear, anxiety, learning, which authors have contributed literature with original publications. paper also overviews advancement pharmacology, already yielded some successes, particularly treatment sleep disorders.

Language: Английский

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Hormone Regulation in Testicular Development and Function

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(11), P. 5805 - 5805

Published: May 26, 2024

The testes serve as the primary source of androgens and site spermatogenesis, with their development function governed by hormonal actions via endocrine paracrine pathways. Male fertility hinges on availability testosterone, a cornerstone while follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) signaling is indispensable for proliferation, differentiation, proper functioning Sertoli germ cells. This review covers research how androgens, FSH, other hormones support processes crucial male in testis reproductive tract. These are regulated hypothalamic–pituitary–gonad (HPG) axis, which either quiescent or activated at different stages life course, regulation axis normal system. Hormonal imbalances, whether due to genetic predispositions environmental influences, leading hypogonadism hypergonadism, can precipitate disorders. Investigating regulatory network molecular mechanisms involved testicular spermatogenesis instrumental developing new therapeutic methods, drugs, contraceptives.

Language: Английский

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Raptin, a sleep-induced hypothalamic hormone, suppresses appetite and obesity

Cell Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 29, 2025

Abstract Sleep deficiency is associated with obesity, but the mechanisms underlying this connection remain unclear. Here, we identify a sleep-inducible hypothalamic protein hormone in humans and mice that suppresses obesity. This cleaved from reticulocalbin-2 (RCN2), name it Raptin. Raptin release timed by circuit vasopressin-expressing neurons suprachiasmatic nucleus to RCN2-positive paraventricular nucleus. levels peak during sleep, which blunted sleep deficiency. binds glutamate metabotropic receptor 3 (GRM3) of hypothalamus stomach inhibit appetite gastric emptying, respectively. Raptin-GRM3 signaling mediates anorexigenic effects via PI3K-AKT signaling. Of note, verify connections between deficiencies sleeping state, impaired release, obesity patients Moreover, carrying an RCN2 nonsense variant present night eating syndrome These data define unique food intake prevents

Language: Английский

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Central Regulation of PCOS: Abnormal Neuronal-Reproductive-Metabolic Circuits in PCOS Pathophysiology

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: May 28, 2021

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive endocrine disease. PCOS patients are characterized by hyperandrogenemia, anovulation, and metabolic dysfunction. Hypothalamus–pituitary–ovary axis imbalance considered as an important pathophysiology underlying PCOS, indicating that central modulation, especially the abnormal activation of hypothalamic GnRH neurons plays vital role in development. Increased pulse frequency can promote LH secretion, leading to ovarian dysfunction sex steroids synthesis. By contrast, peripheral modulate action through feedback effect, which impaired thus forming vicious cycle. Additionally, not only serve final output pathway control axis, but also connection point where function state inter-regulate with each other. Metabolic factors, such insulin resistance obesity regulate activity, ultimately function. Besides, gut hormones act on both brain organs modify state. Gut microbiota disturbance related many diseases has been reported play essential part This review concludes mechanism modulation interaction between neuroendocrine factors or disorders Furthermore, microenvironment involved neuronal–reproductive–metabolic circuits contribute discussed, offering possible therapeutic targets for patients.

Language: Английский

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Childhood obesity and central precocious puberty

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Nov. 18, 2022

Childhood obesity is a major public health problem worldwide, and the relationship between central precocious puberty has long been confirmed, however, mechanisms underlying this association remain elusive. This review provides an overview of recent progress regarding how childhood impacts on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis pubertal onset, focusing adipokines (leptin ghrelin), hormone (insulin), lipid (ceramide), as well critical signaling pathways (AMPK/SIRT, mTOR) that integrate peripheral metabolism circuits. Notably, prevention CPP beneficial for adult life children, thus we further summarize potential strategies in treating preventing CPP. The updated understanding metabolic stress pediatric endocrine disease will arise attention society, also contribute to more serious comorbidities later period children.

Language: Английский

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Kisspeptins and the neuroendocrine control of reproduction: Recent progress and new frontiers in kisspeptin research

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 65, P. 100977 - 100977

Published: Jan. 7, 2022

In late 2003, a major breakthrough in our understanding of the mechanisms that govern reproduction occurred with identification reproductive roles kisspeptins, encoded by Kiss1 gene, and their receptor, Gpr54 (aka, Kiss1R). The discovery this unsuspected facet attracted an extraordinary interest boosted intense research activity, human model species, that, relatively short period, established series basic concepts on physiological kisspeptins. Such fundamental knowledge, gathered these early years kisspeptin research, set scene for more recent in-depth dissection intimacies neuronal networks involving neurons, precise regulation molecular underpinnings function kisspeptins as pivotal regulators all key aspects function, from puberty onset to pulsatile gonadotropin secretion metabolic control fertility. While no clear temporal boundaries between two periods can be defined, review we will summarize most prominent advances last ten years, means provide up-dated view state art potential paths future progress dynamic, ever growing domain Neuroendocrinology.

Language: Английский

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