Disentangling the relative importance of T cell responses in COVID-19: leading actors or supporting cast?

Nature reviews. Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 22(6), P. 387 - 397

Published: April 28, 2022

Language: Английский

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Count on us: T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination

Cell Reports Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 3(3), P. 100562 - 100562

Published: Feb. 25, 2022

Robust T cell responses have been associated with milder outcomes in many infections. cells also establish long-term memory pools and, as they are predominantly directed toward epitopes encompassing conserved peptides, can respond to SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron. Here, we discuss epitope-specific CD8

Language: Английский

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Neutralizing antibody activity in convalescent sera from infection in humans with SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern

Nature Microbiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 6(11), P. 1433 - 1442

Published: Oct. 15, 2021

COVID-19 vaccine design and vaccination rollout need to take into account a detailed understanding of antibody durability cross-neutralizing potential against SARS-CoV-2 emerging variants concern (VOCs). Analyses convalescent sera provide unique insights longevity activity induced by variant spike proteins, which are putative candidates. Using from 38 individuals infected in wave 1, we show that can be detected up 305 days pos onset symptoms, although were less potent B.1.1.7 (Alpha) B1.351 (Beta). Over time, despite reduction overall neutralization activity, differences potency the Alpha Beta decreased, suggests continued maturation improves tolerance mutations. We also compared 1 with Alpha, or B.1.617.2 (Delta) 79 post symptoms. While these neutralize infecting VOC parental virus similar levels, cross-neutralization different lineages is reduced. These findings will inform optimization vaccines protect variants.

Language: Английский

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Vaccine effectiveness of primary series and booster doses against covid-19 associated hospital admissions in the United States: living test negative design study

BMJ, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. e072065 - e072065

Published: Oct. 11, 2022

Abstract Objective To compare the effectiveness of a primary covid-19 vaccine series plus booster doses with alone for prevention hospital admission omicron related in United States. Design Multicenter observational case-control study test negative design. Setting Hospitals 18 US states. Participants 4760 adults admitted to one 21 hospitals acute respiratory symptoms between 26 December 2021 and 30 June 2022, period when variant was dominant. included 2385 (50.1%) patients laboratory confirmed (cases) 2375 (49.9%) who tested SARS-CoV-2 (controls). Main outcome measures The main against by comparing odds being vaccinated each these regimens versus unvaccinated among cases controls. Vaccine analyses were stratified immunosuppression status (immunocompetent, immunocompromised). analysis evaluated all types combined, secondary specific products. Results Overall, median age participants 64 years (interquartile range 52-75 years), 994 (20.8%) immunocompromised, 85 (1.8%) two boosters, 1367 (28.7%) booster, 1875 (39.3%) alone, 1433 (30.1%) unvaccinated. Among immunocompetent participants, boosters 63% (95% confidence interval 37% 78%), 65% (58% 71%), (25% 47%) (P<0.001 pooled boosted compared alone). higher regimen than both mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech): 73% (44% 87%) 64% (55% 72%) 36% (21% 48%) (P<0.001); mRNA-1273 (Moderna): 68% (17% 88%) 73%) 41% 54%) (P=0.001)). immunocompromised patients, 69% (31% 86%) 49% (30% 63%) (P=0.04). Conclusion During first six months 2022 US, provided additional benefit beyond preventing admissions covid-19. Readers’ note This article is living design that will be updated reflect emerging evidence. Updates may occur up from date original publication.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19, post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS, “long COVID”) and post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome (PCVS, “post-COVIDvac-syndrome”): Similarities and differences

Pathology - Research and Practice, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 246, P. 154497 - 154497

Published: May 3, 2023

Worldwide there have been over 760 million confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases, and 13 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses administered as of April 2023, according to the World Health Organization. An infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can lead an disease, i.e. COVID-19, but also a post-acute (PACS, "long COVID"). Currently, side effects vaccines are increasingly being noted studied. Here, we summarise currently available indications discuss our conclusions that (i) these specific similarities differences PACS, (ii) new term should be used refer (post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome, PCVS, colloquially "post-COVIDvac-syndrome"), (iii) is need distinguish between (ACVS) (PACVS) - in analogy PACS ("long Moreover, address mixed forms caused by natural SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. We explain why it important for medical diagnosis, care research use terms (PCVS, ACVS PACVS) order avoid confusion misinterpretation underlying causes enable optimal therapy. do not recommend "Post-Vac-Syndrome" imprecise. The article serves current problem "medical gaslighting" relation PCVS raising awareness among professionals supplying appropriate terminology disease.

Language: Английский

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Does a humoral correlate of protection exist for SARS-CoV-2? A systematic review

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 17(4), P. e0266852 - e0266852

Published: April 8, 2022

Background A correlate of protection (CoP) is an immunological marker associated with against infection. Despite urgent need, a CoP for SARS-CoV-2 currently undefined. Objectives Our objective was to review the evidence humoral SARS-CoV-2, including variants concern. Methods We searched OVID MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, Biosis Previews and Scopus January 4, 2022 pre-prints (using NIH iSearch COVID-19 portfolio) December 31, 2021, studies describing re-infection or breakthrough infection antibody measures. Two reviewers independently extracted study data performed quality assessment. Results Twenty-five were included in our systematic review. examined correlation levels VE, reported values from 48.5% 94.2%. Similarly, several found inverse relationship between incidence, risk, viral load, suggesting that both immunity other immune components contribute protection. However, individual level suggest can still occur presence high antibodies. estimated quantitative CoP: Ancestral these 154 (95% confidence interval (CI) 42, 559) anti-S binding units/mL (BAU/mL), 28.6% CI 19.2, 29.2%) mean convalescent following One Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant concern 171 57, 519) BAU/mL. No have yet Omicron-specific CoP. Conclusions suggests likely relative, where higher decrease risk infection, but do not eliminate it completely. More work urgently needed this area establish guide policy as pandemic continues.

Language: Английский

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Why does viral RNA sometimes persist after recovery from acute infections?

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 20(6), P. e3001687 - e3001687

Published: June 1, 2022

DNA viruses often persist in the body of their host, becoming latent and recurring many months or years later. By contrast, most RNA cause acute infections that are cleared from host as they lack mechanisms to persist. However, it is clear viral can after clinical recovery elimination detectable infectious virus. This persistence either be asymptomatic associated with late progressive disease nonspecific lingering symptoms, such may case following infection Ebola Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Why does sometimes an infection? Where come from? And what consequences?

Language: Английский

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Risk of reinfection and disease after SARS‐CoV‐2 primary infection: Meta‐analysis

European Journal of Clinical Investigation, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 52(10)

Published: July 29, 2022

Abstract Introduction A precise estimate of the frequency and severity SARS‐CoV‐2 reinfections would be critical to optimize restriction vaccination policies for hundreds millions previously infected subjects. We performed a meta‐analysis evaluate risk reinfection COVID‐19 following primary infection. Methods searched MedLine, Scopus preprint repositories cohort studies evaluating onset new infections among baseline SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive Random‐effect meta‐analyses proportions were stratified by gender, exposure risk, status, viral strain, time between episodes, definition. Results Ninety‐one studies, enrolling 15,034,624 subjects, included. Overall, 158,478 recorded, corresponding pooled rate 0.97% (95% CI: 0.71%–1.27%), with no substantial differences definition criteria, or gender. Reinfection rates still 0.66% after ≥12 months from first infection, was substantially lower vaccinated subjects (0.32% vs. 0.74% unvaccinated individuals). During 3 Omicron wave, reached 3.31%. Overall severe/lethal very low (2–7 per 10,000 according criteria) not affected strain predominance. Conclusions strong natural immunity follows infection may last more than one year, suggesting that health care needs recovered might limited. Although considerably increased during secondary severe lethal disease remained low. The risk–benefit profile multiple vaccine doses this subset population carefully evaluated.

Language: Английский

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Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(1), P. 175 - 175

Published: Jan. 7, 2023

The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease death. Understanding the risk factors is relevant both in setting at epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview host, viral environmental that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized be associated with outcomes. considered detail include age frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, lifestyle patient; variation infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; air pollution. For each category, compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for association factor outcomes (including strength effect) outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss complex interactions between various factors.

Language: Английский

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Protection of Omicron sub-lineage infection against reinfection with another Omicron sub-lineage

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Aug. 9, 2022

Abstract There is significant genetic distance between SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant BA.1 and BA.2 sub-lineages. This study investigates immune protection of infection with one sub-lineage against reinfection the other in Qatar during a large wave, from December 19, 2021 to March 21, 2022. Two national matched, retrospective cohort studies are conducted estimate effectiveness (N = 20,994; BA.1-against-BA.2 study), 110,315; BA.2-against-BA.1 study). Associations estimated using Cox proportional-hazards regression models after multiple imputation assign status for cases no (using probabilities based on test date). Effectiveness at 94.2% (95% CI: 89.2–96.9%). 80.9% 73.1–86.4%). Infection appears induce strong, but not full sub-lineage, vice versa, least several weeks initial infection.

Language: Английский

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